HomeMy WebLinkAbout04-25 Supplemental Archaeological Evaluation LFCC Student CenterCe d a r Cr e e k Bat t l e f i e l d Sp e a k S :
Supplemental Archaeological Evaluation of Site 44FK0622 at
the Proposed Student Center Building Project Area, Lord Fairfax
Community College, Middletown, Virginia
Pr e P a r e d f o r :
Virginia Department of Transportation
Pr e P a r e d b y :
William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research
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Possible Union Firing Line
Ce d a r Cr e e k Bat t l e f i e l d Sp e a k S :
Supplemental Archaeological Evaluation of
Site 44FK0622 at the Proposed Student
Center Building Project Area, Lord Fairfax
Community College, Middletown, Virginia
WMCAR Project No. 12-22
Pr e P a r e d f o r :
Lord Fairfax Community College Foundation Board
173 Skirmisher Lane
Middletown, Virginia 22645
(540) 868-4077
Pr e P a r e d b y :
William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research
The College of William and Mary
P.O. Box 8795
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795
(757) 221-2580
au t h o r :
Thomas F. Higgins III
William H. Moore
Pr o j e c t di r e c t o r :
Joe B. Jones
aP r i l 21, 2014
ii
Ma n a g e M e n t Su M M a r y
In September 2012, the Lord Fairfax Community
College Foundation Board (LFCCFB) afforded
the William and Mary Center for Archaeological
Research (WMCAR) the opportunity to under-
take a supplemental archaeological evaluation
study of Civil War Site 44FK0622. This site,
encompassing over 7 acres, extends onto the
proposed parcel of the LFCC Student Center
Building from the south. Originally discovered
in 2005 in advance of construction of the Corron
Community Development Center, it proved to
be a significant component of the Cedar Creek
Battlefield (Huston 2006). During the latter
study, archaeologists found indications of an artil-
lery position, likely that of Light Battery B of the
5th U.S. Artillery under the command of Capt.
Henry DuPont during the latter stages of the
Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864.
WMCAR’s supplemental evaluation of Site
44FK0622 on the proposed Student Center
Building lot was a follow-up to WMCAR’s
survey of that parcel in 2011, where discoveries
indicated that the site extended over most, if not
all of the proposed project area, and held poten-
tial for encampment-related deposits, as well as
those that could shed light on troop positions and
movements as the battle ensued (Moore 2011).
Systematic shovel testing, metal detecting and
test unit excavation yielded hundreds of artifacts
contained in a shallow plowzone. The vast ma-
jority of these are likely attributable to action
on the battlefield and include over one hundred
arms-related items (e.g., bullets, artillery shell frag-
ments). Many of the arms-related artifacts present
interpretable distribution patterns that suggest the
possible locations of firing positions, and reflect
the intensity and ferocity of the fighting on what
would have been the Union Army’s eastern flank
during the late afternoon portion of the battle.
In addition, traces of a possible military encamp-
ment were discovered, which are indicated by a
relatively small quantity of period domestic and
architectural items (e. g., buttons, ceramics, nails).
Given that Middletown was re-occupied multiple
times by Union and Confederate forces during
the war, it is possible that these items represent
an unrelated Civil War encampment that predates
or postdates the Battle of Cedar Creek.
In sum, a wealth of intriguing and impor-
tant interpretive information was recovered
from the site during this study, including
artifacts and data that would be suitable for
an interpretive exhibit about the site and
battle. However, the research potential of the
archaeological resources within the project area
is unlikely to provide additional significant
new information about the Military/Defense
theme during the Civil War (1861–1865) in
the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia has been ef-
fectively exhausted with the completion of the
current study. As such, the portion of the site
investigated in this study does not contribute
to the NRHP eligibility of Site 44FK0622 and
the Cedar Creek Battlefield under Criterion D;
Criteria A–C are considered not applicable.
iii
Co n t e n t S
Management Summary ...............................................................................................................ii
Figures ......................................................................................................................................iii
Tables .......................................................................................................................................iii
1: Project Background ...................................................................................................................1
2: Historical Background ..............................................................................................................7
3: Project Methods ......................................................................................................................13
4: Excavation Results ..................................................................................................................17
5: Artifact Descriptions ...............................................................................................................25
6: Research Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................35
References Cited .....................................................................................................................41
Appendix A: Artifact Inventory
fi g u r e S
1 Project area location ..................................................................................................................1
2 Project area and environs, including location of previously identified Site 44FK0622 ................2
3 Site 44FK0622, plan of 2011 WMCAR investigation ...............................................................5
4 Site 44FK0622, Civil War artillery and ammunition recovered during 2011 survey ..................6
5 Detail of antebellum map, showing project vicinity ...................................................................8
6 Detail of Confederate map of the Battle of Cedar Creek, showing project vicinity ...................11
7 Detail of Union map, showing project vicinity ........................................................................12
8 Site 44FK0622, plan of shovel tests, metal detector targets, and test units ...............................14
9 Site 44FK0622, Shovel Test 88, profile ....................................................................................18
10 Site 44FK0622, plan of metal detector targets and Artifact Loci 1 and 2 .................................19
11 Site 44FK0622, distribution of small arms ammunition and shrapnel .....................................20
12 Site 44FK0622, plan of possible Firing Lines 1–3. ..................................................................21
13 Site 44FK0622, distribution of nails........................................................................................23
14 Site 44FK0622, east profile of Test Unit 1 ...............................................................................24
15 Site 44FK0622, south profile of Test Unit 2 ............................................................................24
16 Site 44FK0622, east profile of Test Unit 3 ...............................................................................24
17 Site 44FK0622, selected small arms-related artifacts ................................................................27
18 Cross section diagram of William Cleaner bullet .....................................................................30
19 Site 44FK0622, selected artillery-related artifacts ....................................................................32
iv
20 Example of a brass sabot on the base of a Parrott conical artillery shell ....................................32
21 Sectioned shell with segmented shrapnel inside .......................................................................33
22 Site 44FK0622, selected buttons .............................................................................................34
23 Site 44FK0622, comparison of small arms ammunition and artillery-related artifacts recovered
from proposed LFCC Student Center and Corron Community Development Center .........37
24 Site 44FK0622,comparison of clothing/accoutrements and personal artifacts recovered from
proposed LFCC Student Center and Corron Community Development Center ..................37
ta B l e S
1 Site 44FK0622, assemblage by artifact groups .........................................................................26
2 Site 44FK0622, Confederate ammunition and/or ammunition of possible Confederate use ....29
3 Site 44FK0622, Union ammunition and/or ammunition of possible Union use ......................29
4 Site 44FK0622, ammunition of either Union and/or Confederate use ....................................30
5 Site 44FK0622, artillery shell fragments ..................................................................................31
1
1: Project Background
in t r o d u C t i o n
The William and Mary Center for Archaeological
Research (WMCAR) conducted a supplemen-
tal archaeological evaluation of Civil War Site
44FK0622 within the proposed Student Center
Building project area on the campus of Lord
Fairfax Community College in Middletown,
Virginia from September 11–28, 2012 (Figure
1). This study was conducted in accordance with
an agreement with Lord Fairfax Community
College Foundation Board (LFCCFB). The main
purpose of the study was to evaluate archaeologi-
cal resources in terms of criteria for eligibility to
the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
This was accomplished through historical records
research, systematic metal detector survey, shovel
testing, and test unit excavations. An additional
goal was to provide specific information regard-
ing the nature and distribution of archaeological
resources within the project area.
The investigation was carried out under the
general supervision of WMCAR Director Joe
B. Jones. Project Archaeologist William Moore
was responsible for the organization and imple-
mentation of the archaeological field program, as
well as preparation of the final report along with
Project Archaeologist Thomas F. Higgins III. Mr.
Moore was assisted in the field by WMCAR staff
members Jack Aube, Leigh Sitler, Tom Young,
and Kevin Goodrich; Northern Shenandoah
Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Virginia
(ASV) members Michael Kehoe, Patrick Kehoe,
Marcus Lemasters, Wayne Austin, Randy Evans,
and Linda Zuckerman contributed their expertise
with metal detector work. Deborah L. Davenport
supervised laboratory processing and conducted
the historic artifact analysis. David Lewes pro-
duced the final report, and final illustrations were
prepared by Eric A. Agin. Until final disposition
is arranged, all project-related documentation and
artifacts are temporarily stored at the WMCAR
in Williamsburg, Virginia, referenced under
WMCAR project number 12-22, but will be
transferred to LFCCFB upon conclusion of the
project.
de SC ription o f t h e pr o j e C t ar e a
The project area comprises 6.0 acres (2.4 ha) situ-
ated along the southeast side of Valley Pike (Route
11) on fairly level, open ground immediately
northeast of Middletown in Frederick County,
Virginia (Figure 2). The proposed project will
involve construction of a Student Center Building
on a footprint of approximately 13,000 to 16,000
sq. ft. plus approximately two additional acres
(0.80 ha) of parking lots and associated improve-
ments for a total area of potential effect (APE) of
6.0 acres (2.4 ha). The APE occupies a portion of a
Figure 1. Project area location.
2
by Meadow Brook and its tributaries to the north
and Dry Run and its tributaries to the south.
The landscape within the project area is mostly
open pasture with just a few nut and fruit trees
scattered throughout. Adjacent to Route 11 and
within the northwestern portion of the property,
the topography is relatively flat; from the middle
of the project area, the terrain slopes gently toward
its eastern and southeastern boundaries. The soil
larger parcel owned by the LFCCFB that is imme-
diately adjacent to the Lord Fairfax Community
College Middletown Campus (LFCC). The APE
is mostly open pasture with a small number of
trees concentrated around a twentieth-century
house site.
The project area lies within the northern por-
tion of the Shenandoah Valley. More specifically,
it is situated along a narrow ridge that is dissected
44FK0622
PROJECT AREA
Figure 2. Project area and environs, including location of previously identified Site 44FK0622
(U.S. Geological Survey [USGS]1999).
3
is composed of relatively shallow, well-drained
Carbo and Carbo-Oaklet silt loam (Natural
Resources Conservation Service 2011).
pr e v i o u S re S e a r C h
The project area is located within the previously
recorded battlefield of the Battle of Cedar Creek
(VDHR Architectural Resource 034-0303), which
involved an early morning attack on October 19,
1864 by the Confederate Army of Lt. Gen. Jubal
A. Early on Union forces under Maj. Gen. Philip
Sheridan that drove the Union forces from a point
south of Middletown to a point about one mile
north of Middletown. At about 4 PM that day,
the Union Army counterattacked and completely
routed the Confederate forces, driving them south
beyond Strasburg, Virginia. The Union forces
subsequently held control of the Shenandoah
Valley until the end of the war.
In addition to being within the boundaries of
the recorded battlefield resource, the sensitivity
of the project area for containing archaeological
resources associated with the Battle Cedar Creek
is further indicated by relatively recent archaeo-
logical investigations on the LFCC campus that
involved the identification and archaeological
study of Site 44FK0622 within the proposed
site of the Corron Community Development
Center (CCDC) at LFCC (see Figure 2). Site
44FK0622 was originally discovered during the
initial land-clearing and grading activities associ-
ated with construction of this building in 2005.
At this time, Michael Kehoe and volunteers from
the Archeological Society of Virginia (ASV)
conducted a cursory metal detector survey of
the property and recovered a small number of
Union and Confederate military artifacts (Huston
2006:31). In November and December of 2005,
ECS Mid-Atlantic, LLC conducted a systematic
survey of the property, involving regular interval
shovel testing, supplemented by metal detector
survey. Although no artifacts were recovered from
the shovel tests, additional Civil War military
artifacts were recovered as a result of the metal
detector sweeps.
Data recovery investigations conducted by
ECS from February though August 2006 involved
intensive systematic metal detector sweeps along
contiguous 5-ft.- (1.5-m-) wide transects oriented
north/south, followed by sweeps of intersecting
5-ft.- (1.5-m-) wide transects oriented east/west
over the entire 450-x-500-ft. (137-x-152-m) proj-
ect area. These efforts resulted in the recovery of a
large number of diagnostic Civil War military arti-
facts from relatively undisturbed deposits, includ-
ing small arms ammunition, small arms cleaning
tools, artillery shell fragments, canister and grape
shot, uniform buttons, field gear, cannon fiction
primers, coins, horse tack, and horseshoes. The
results of the data recovery offered interpretable
patterning across the site area representative of
various actions during the battle. Ultimately, the
archaeological resources identified within Site
44FK0622 were interpreted as the location of a
temporary position of an artillery battery (Light
Battery B, 5th U.S. Artillery) commanded by
Capt. Henry A. DuPont. Supported by the cav-
alry of Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, Light Battery
B, 5th U.S. Artillery played a pivotal role in the
Union victory at the Battle of Cedar Creek on
October 19, 1864.
The original boundaries of the Site 44FK0622
were defined arbitrarily as the 5.2 acres (2.1 ha)
of the completed CCDC project, which is situ-
ated immediately southwest of the current LFCC
Student Center Building study area. Following
completion of archaeological data recovery in-
tended to mitigate any effects on the resources
posed by the proposed developments, much of the
portion of the site within the CCDC project area
was developed with construction of the new build-
ing and/or associated asphalt parking areas.
The portion of Site 44FK0622 that extends
into the proposed location of the LFCC Student
Center Building is situated along a fairly narrow
ridge (720 ft. (219.5 m) amsl), and overlooks
Meadow Brook approximately 600 ft.(183 m)
4
to the north and an intermittent tributary of Dry
Run approximately 220 ft. (67.1 m) to the south
(see Figure 2).
Based on the expectations that the project area
may contain significant archaeological resources,
the LFCCFB engaged the WMCAR to conduct
an archaeological survey of the project area in June
of 2011 (Moore 2011). During the archaeological
survey of the 256-x-481-ft. (78-x-147-m) project
area, a total of 75 shovel tests were excavated, of
which 5 (7%) were positive for artifacts (Figures 3
and 4). Additional historic artifacts were recovered
from 26 metal detector targets. Analysis of Union
and Confederate maps clearly indicated that the
LFCC Student Center Building study area was
located in the vicinity of DuPont’s various battle
positions within the Unions left flank during the
fluid afternoon counterattack. These efforts con-
firm that the extent of previously recorded Site
44FK0622 extends well to the northeast across the
entire project area. The archaeological resources
identified within the proposed Student Center
Building project area were recommended as
potentially contributing to the NRHP eligibility
of Site 44FK0622 and the Battle of Cedar Creek
Battlefield under criterion D; Criteria A and C
were considered not applicable. If avoidance is not
feasible, however, it was recommended that more
work would be necessary to determine whether the
archaeological resources within the project area
contribute to the eligibility of 44FK0622 for the
NRHP under Criterion D (Moore 2011).
5
POSITIVE SHOVEL TEST
METAL DETECTOR TARGETS
NEGATIVE SHOVEL TEST
HORSE-RELATED
ARTILLERY/AMMUNITION
DOMESTIC
MISCELLANEOUS/UNIDENTIFIED
NAILS
Figure 3. Site 44FK0622, plan of 2011 WMCAR investigation.
6
Figure 4. Site 44FK0622, Civil War artillery and ammunition recovered during 2011 survey (a - .58
caliber three-groove minié bullet, extracted [MD 88]; b - Confederate .58 caliber three-groove minié bullet
with nose cast, unfired, whittled or scraped [MD 138]; c - .69 caliber musket ball, unfired [MD 85];
d - 0.459 and 0.472 in. Confederate case shot [MD 144]; e - conical artillery shell fragment [MD 151];
f - conical artillery shell fragment with fuse hole [MD 109]; g - conical artillery shell fragment [MD 135]).
7
2: Historical Background
The Battle of Cedar Creek, considered the last
major Civil War battle in the Valley of Virginia,
came on the heels of a string of successes in the fall
of 1864 by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan’s Federal
Army of the Shenandoah that made increasingly
difficult for Confederate forces under Lt. Gen.
Jubal Early to wage war in the Valley. Cedar
Creek also stands out among Civil War battles
for its dramatic turn of events and surprising
outcome; making a living legend out of the Union
commander, and undoubtedly helping to propel
President Abraham Lincoln’s successful bid for
re-election in the weeks that followed (Noyalas
2009:11).
What began as a brilliantly planned early
morning attack on October 19 by Early’s forces
eventually unraveled due to a massive, late-after-
noon Union counterattack, which culminated
in a resounding victory for the latter. The initial
advance by the Confederates was swift along the
stream banks and on the bluffs of Cedar Creek.
The Confederate advance faltered by around noon
of that day just north of Middletown, however.
General Sheridan’s subsequent rallying of his
troops and officers, inspiring them to regain their
composure and regroup, determined not only the
outcome of the battle but insured a victory that
helped to foreshadow the outcome of the war
(Noyalas 2009).
Historical narratives about the Battle of Cedar
Creek and its lore are rich, indeed; these offer
riveting accounts of the battle as it unfolded
throughout the day, and give testimony to the
tremendous cost of the battle in lives lost and
materiel (Huston 2006; Noyalas 2009). Gleaned
from this body of work is the following overview
of a few of the major events in the Upper Valley of
Virginia leading up to the Battle of Cedar Creek,
and a summary of the battle itself, particularly as it
pertains to Site 44FK0622 on the LFCC campus.
For a more in-depth discussion of the war in the
Valley and the Battle of Cedar Creek, the reader
is referred to Jonathan A. Noyalas’s, The Battle
of Cedar Creek: Victory from the Jaws of Defeat
(2009) and Clifton Huston’s, Phase III Mitigation
of Impact Investigation at Site 44FK0622 on the
Lord Fairfax Community College Tract, Frederick
County, Virginia (2006).
When the Civil War began most of the counties
in the Shenandoah Valley, including Frederick,
voted against secession (Quarles 1971:3).
However, with the passing of the Ordinance of
secession in April of 1861, Frederick County
immediately raised troops, and the first units of
militia volunteers marched north to capture the
Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia
(part of Virginia before the Civil War). Although
small skirmishes occurred across the Valley,
Frederick County remained mostly untouched
by the Union for the first year of the war (Ebert
and Lazazzera 1988:52).
Winchester and its productive farmland stood
at the northern entrance to the Shenandoah Valley
and were located on a main route to Washington,
D. C. (Ebert and Lazazzera 1988:52) (Figure 5).
For these reasons, the town became a focal point of
conflict as Union and Confederate forces sought
control of the area. Between 1862 and 1864,
the First and Second Battles of Kernstown; the
First, Second, and Third Battles of Winchester;
8
and the Battle of Cedar Creek took place in the
town’s vicinity. Winchester changed hands 72
times as armies passed through the area (Ebert
and Lazazzera 1988:52). Wounded soldiers from
these and other battles, including Antietam and
Gettysburg, were also sent to Winchester (Quarles
1971).
With key battle victories in hand by late
September 1864, General Sheridan began a
deliberate and calculated campaign of destruc-
tion to eliminate the Valley as the “Breadbasket
of the Confederacy.” Known as “the Burning,”
Sheridan’s forces set about destroying and/or
confiscating any and everything of value to the
Confederate war effort, including grain, live-
stock, barns and mills. His troops reportedly
seized thousands of heads of cattle, hundreds of
thousands bushels of wheat, and burned over
1,100 barns (Noyalas 2009:18). As reasoned one
of Sheridan’s men:
A large portion of the supplies for the rebel army
at Richmond were drawn from this exceedingly
rich section of the country. Had this sharply
been sooner cut off, it would have been impos-
sible for him to have constantly threatened
Maryland and Pennsylvania with invasion. War
PROJECT VICINITY
Figure 5. Detail of antebellum map, showing project vicinity (Böÿe 1859 [1826]).
9
is terrible and this was but one of the evils which
the chivalry should have expected” (Clark 1868,
quoted from Noyalas 2009:19).
After victory at the Battle of Tom’s Brook
on October 9, 1864, and flush with success and
supreme confidence Sheridan’s Army of the
Shenandoah—numbering some 32,000 men—
established defensive positions on the north bank
of Cedar Creek. As one veteran of the 114th New
York recalled: “General Sheridan, having burned
all the grain and forage in the Upper Shenandoah,
had leisurely fallen back far enough to keep his
communications safe and establishing a line of
defense which should hold the richest and most
fertile part of the Valley” (Beecher 1866, quoted
from Noyalas 2009:19). The laborious construc-
tion of fortifications, even with the imminent
threat of attack seeming unlikely, was a welcomed
reprieve for many weary from long marches and
intense battles (Noyalas 2009:19).
The increasingly dire situation of the
Confederates brought about by this series of
defeats and wholesale destruction and/or confisca-
tion of property and sustenance prompted them
to seize upon a daring plan to regain strength in
the Valley, and bolster morale. After carefully
observing the disposition of Sheridan’s entrenched
army along Cedar Creek from atop Signal Knob
on Massanutten Mountain, and noting the
vulnerability of its left flank Confederate Maj.
Gen. John B. Gordon, with the concurrence of
his commander, Lt. Gen. Jubal Early, devised
a bold, yet risky plan to outflank the Federal
forces with a massive early morning assault. After
careful maneuvering to avoid detection, some
21,000 men strong comprised of five infantry
divisions and two calvary divisions were launched
into the predawn attack (Huston 2006:20). The
Confederate advance was swift and decisive, over-
running positions with little or no opposition, and
forcing a hasty Union retreat northward up the
Valley Pike toward Middletown and just beyond.
“Men shoeless and hatless,” recalled a Confederate
soldier, “went flying like mad to the rear, some
with and some without their guns” (quoted from
Noyalas 2009:38). By mid-morning, “... the battle
had been a stunning victory for General Early,
resulting in the capture of over a thousand Federal
soldiers, nearly two dozen field guns, and enough
food and supplies to sustain them for the next few
weeks” (Huston 2006:23).
By that afternoon, however, General Sheridan
had rallied his forces approximately one mile
north of Middletown. A vital contingent of his
re-invigorated army was the artillery battery of
Capt. Henry A. DuPont, whose remaining guns
had been carefully positioned along the Union’s
eastern flank just east of Valley Pike in the north-
eastern portion of the battlefield in the area that is
today encompassed by the LFCC (Figures 6 and
7). The guns of Light Battery B, 5th U.S. Artillery
were strategically placed in a shallow swale that
afforded natural protection from Confederate fire
farther to the west. Through such maneuvering
of his battery position, coupled with protection
from well-armed calvary of Brig. Gen. Wesley
Merritt, and other successful Union actions across
the battlefield, DuPont’s artillery helped to force
the Confederate advance to stall and eventually
unravel by late afternoon. General Sheridan, sens-
ing a break in the Confederate line, ordered a
general advance at 4:00 pm, which led to intense
fighting along the entire front. A final Union
thrust a short time later, however, with flanking
attacks from both east and west by Merritt’s and
George A. Custer’s calvaries, forced Early’s troops
to withdraw south from the battlefield travers-
ing the ground they had successfully captured
that morning. The Union pursuit included the
artillery of Captain DuPont, whose cannon fire
continued to prove highly effective, contributing
to the loss of portions of the Confederate bag-
gage train, including materiel captured earlier
that morning (Huston 2006:27). For DuPont’s
decisive, steadfast actions under fire, which sig-
nificantly helped to turn the tide of the battle, he
was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor
(Huston 2006:28).
10
After the day’s fight, weary survivors of
Sheridan’s army returned to their encampments
to bed down for the evening amidst a grisly
scene of death and destruction amplified by the
glow of campfires. As recalled by a member of
the 77th New York Infantry, “the spades of the
pioneers were heard as they hollowed out the
shallow graves; and as we threw ourselves upon
the ground to rest, we mourned for our comrades,
and we rejoiced for our victory’ (Stevens 1866,
quoted from Noyalas 2009:75). Their triumph
at Cedar Creek, though at great cost, ended the
Confederacy’s ability to wage war in the Valley
on a large scale, and effectively ended the military
career of General Early, whose bold gamble “failed
to carry the day” (Huston 2006:27).
11
APPROXIMATE PROJECT AREA
Figure 6. Detail of Confederate map of the Battle of Cedar Creek, showing project vicinity (Davis et al. 1983:Plate LXXXII:9).
12
APPROXIMATE PROJECT AREA
Figure 7. Detail of Union map, showing project vicinity (Gillespie 1873).
13
3: Project Methods
in t r o d u C t i o n
This chapter discusses the specific field and labo-
ratory methods used for this project. Adherence
to these methods allowed for the archaeological
resources at Site 44FK0622 to be effectively
interpreted and evaluated in terms of NRHP
eligibility criteria.
fi e l d Me t h o d S
Field methods were designed to systematically
capture, assess, and interpret the archaeological
resources within the project area as efficiently
as possible. The basis for considering the most
efficient and appropriate field methods included
WMCAR’s earlier archaeological survey results
and the results of previous archaeological investi-
gations at the CCDC parcel by ECS Mid-Atlantic,
LLC (Huston 2006) (see Figure 3). A metric grid
was established such that all points situated within
the study area had a north/east coordinate. The
grid was aligned perpendicular to the Valley Pike
(Route 11) within an orientation of 40 degrees
west of magnetic north. A primary datum, as-
signed an arbitrary elevation of 328 ft. (100m),
was established at grid coordinates 508.46N/
504.49E.
Fieldwork involved complete, systematic
metal detector coverage, additional shovel testing,
and test unit excavation based upon the metal
detector findings within the APE and the im-
mediate surrounding area (Figure 8). It has been
well documented that systematic metal detector
survey such as that undertaken at 44FK0622,
is the most effective method for conducting ar-
chaeological surveys of battlefields (Conner and
Scott 1998:80; Espenshade et al. 2002:59; Jolley
1997:3, 2003:237). One of the primary variables
determining the success of a metal detector survey
is its intensity. Given that the Civil War military
artifacts recovered from within the project area
during the initial study were identified as a result
of a relatively low-intensity survey, involving
coverage of only a percentage of the property
(i.e., sweeps every 50 ft. [15 m]), it is reasonable
to assume that a higher intensity metal detector
survey such as the one conducted by ESC Mid-
Atlantic, LLC during the 2006 data recovery
of Site 44FK0622 would produce considerably
more information about battle activities within
the Student Center project area.
Shovel testing was undertaken within previ-
ously untested portions of the project area at inter-
vals of not more than 50 ft. (15 m) in undisturbed
areas with slopes of 10 percent or less that were
not waterlogged. Additional judgmental shovel
tests were excavated to assess the nature and depth
of deposits within the elevated landform of the
mid-twentieth-century house site. The soil from
each shovel test was screened through 0.25-in.
(0.64-cm) mesh to ensure the adequate recovery
of artifacts; representative, detailed soil profiles
were recorded.
Complete, systematic metal detector survey
was conducted within the portions of the APE
not characterized by previous landscape modifi-
cation (i.e., the landscaped yard surrounding the
twentieth-century house site), or characterized by
a high-density of debris and litter associated with
the twentieth-century use of the property. The
14 Figure 8. Site 44FK0622, plan of shovel tests, metal detector targets, and test units.
15
metal detector survey was designed to augment
the results of the previous archaeological survey,
and help to identify scatters or discrete clusters
of diagnostic artifacts that may represent battle
positions of military units documented to have
been engaged within the vicinity of the APE, or
significant activity areas associated with military
encampment either before of after the battle. The
metal detector effort consisted of 100% coverage
within contiguous 50-x-50-ft. (15-x-15-m) blocks
that were established according to the control grid.
Metal detector targets were temporarily flagged
and checked; unambiguously modern materials
(e.g., metal beverage containers, pull tabs) were
discarded in the field and not recorded. Positive
targets were mapped using a Sokkia series 30R
total station and collected for analysis.
Three 3-x-6-ft. (1-x-2-m) test units were
hand-excavated within potential activity areas
indicated by metal detector results to investigate
the potential for undisturbed subsurface features
or deposits associated with possible Civil War en-
campments that may have pre- or post-dated the
Battle of Cedar Creek. Test units were excavated
by skim-shoveling and troweling. All artifacts
were recovered, except for brick and shell. Only
a representative sample of these items was recov-
ered; the remainder was weighed in the field and
discarded. Test units were examined for features
during excavation. Any anomalies considered
to be potential features were recorded in plan.
Measured drawings and photographs were used
to document representative stratigraphic profiles
exposed during test unit excavation.
la B o r a t o r y Me t h o d S
All artifacts recovered were returned to the labora-
tory at the WMCAR for washing, identification,
numbering, and cataloging. Following analysis, an
inventory was assembled using a standard descrip-
tive typology for prehistoric and historic artifacts
(Appendix A). All artifacts were prepared for cura-
tion according to standards of the VDHR.
The WMCAR has developed a hierarchical
coding system that operates using Microsoft
Access relational database software. With this
system, artifacts are coded during analysis on stan-
dard sheets for entry into a data file. Using this file,
overall project inventories as well as particularistic
data reports can be readily generated for inclusion
in reports or for routine analysis. Basic categories
identified are described below.
Historic Artifact Analysis
The hierarchical historic artifact coding scheme
includes both functional and temporal dimen-
sions. At the most general level material is
classified according to “Group”, which would
include the “Food Preparation/Consumption,
Architectural, Furniture, Arms and Military,
Clothing, Personal, Medical/Hygiene, Domestic
Activities, Activities, Smoking, Industrial/com-
mercial, and Unassigned” categories. Subsumed
within the “Groups” are artifact “Classes”,
including, for example, “Ceramic Cooking/
Storage, Ceramic Tableware, Window Glass,
Nails, Firearm, Apparel, and Writing” categories.
The next level comprises “Objects” that describe
specific artifact forms such as “Flatware, Jug, Jar,
Bowl, Nail, Door Knob, Musket Ball, Button,
and Auto Part”. Temporally diagnostic charac-
teristics are described as “Datable Attributes”
such as “Creamware: Edged, Pearlware: Mocha,
Whiteware: Flow Blue, Wrought [nail], and Cut
[nail]”. An additional descriptive level is provided
under the “Descriptor” category that includes
such information as coin dates, pipe stem bore
diameters, glass color, and vessel part. Each artifact
category, with the exception of shell, is further
recorded by count with respect to provenance.
Shell, brick, and coal/cinders are measured by
weight with respect to provenance. The results of
analysis are tabulated in a comprehensive inven-
tory by context.
Building on the results of the basic analysis
and inventory, more specific studies of the historic
artifact assemblage can be conducted to better
16
understand site structure, function, and age. For
example, the distributions of various “Groups”
and “Classes” of artifacts across the site can be
analyzed to identify various activity areas and
loci. The approximate time spans of availability of
certain temporally diagnostic artifacts can indicate
the range of occupation for the site. Differential
distributions of temporally diagnostic artifacts
representing different periods of occupation of the
site can potentially reveal changes in site structure
over time. Features or discrete, intact cultural
deposits may be assigned a terminus post quem
(TPQ) date, where the quantities of associated
temporally diagnostic artifacts allow. This repre-
sents a date after which the context was deposited
and is determined by the earliest possible dates of
availability for the youngest diagnostic artifact(s)
in the context.
Analysis of historic artifacts was aided by the
following references: The Parks Canada Glass
Glossary by Jones and Sullivan (1985), A Guide
to Artifacts of Colonial America by Noël Hume
(1991), Philbin and Ettlinger’s (1988) guide
to hardware, Lee Nelson’s (1968) nail chronol-
ogy, and Introduction to Civil War Small Arms
by Coates and Thomas (1990), A Handbook of
Civil War Bullets and Cartridges by Thomas and
Thomas (2007), Civil War Collectors Encyclopedia
Volumes I and II by Lord (1995), Record of
American Uniform and Historical Buttons by Albert
(1976), and two volumes on excavated Civil War
artifacts by Phillips (1974 and 1980).
ar t i f a C t Cu r a t i o n
All prehistoric and historic materials generated by
this project were curated according to standards
outlined in 36 CFR Part 79 Curation of Federally-
Owned and Administered Archaeological
Collections. All curated artifacts were washed and
placed in resealable polyurethane bags with labels.
These in turn, were logically ordered in acid-free
Hollinger boxes for permanent storage. Materials
recovered are temporarily stored at WMCAR
until transfer to LFCCFB is arranged.
17
4: Excavation Results
in t r o d u C t i o n
In order to glean as much information as pos-
sible from the portion of Site 44FK0622 within
the APE, the study consisted of additional shovel
testing within previously untested portions of the
project area, followed by thorough, systematic
metal detecting coverage, and culminating with
test unit excavation in areas indicated to have a
high potential for intact subsurface features or
cultural deposits on the basis of shovel testing and
metal detecting results. The results of this work
are presented below.
Sh o v e l t e S t re S u l t S
During supplemental work, a total of 34 shovel
tests were excavated within the former yard area
of the twentieth-century house site and to the
south and east of that area; two of these were
positive (see Figure 8). Shovel Test 85 contained
two unidentified nail fragments that appear to
be either wrought or cut; Shovel Test 88 pro-
duced four pieces of animal bone that show
signs of butchering, and a fragment of limestone
(22.7g). These items were recovered from dark
grayish brown (10YR4/2) sandy clay topsoil that
measured approximately 0.50 ft. (15 cm) thick.
Subsoil consisted of olive brown (2.5Y4/4) clay
(Figure 9).
The soils revealed in shovel tests showed some
variability in color and depth across this portion
of the site, especially in the yard area around the
modern house and the surrounding, less elevated
areas. Soils typically consisted of variations of
brown clay that ranged from 0.65–1.0 ft. (20–30
cm) over subsoil. The house area contained mixed,
modern fill/destruction-related deposits that mea-
sured up to at least 1.80 .ft. (54 cm) deep.
Me t a l de t e C t i n g re S u l t S
As numerous battlefield surveys have demon-
strated through the use of systematic metal detect-
ing, the distribution of certain artifact types are
suggestive of specific activities such as encamp-
ments and the actual battle itself (Jolley 2007).
Encampments are often indicated archaeologically
by items related to food and drink, accoutrements,
horse maintenance, and personal use, and de-
pending on the intensity and duration, can often
reveal information about camp structure through
artifact distribution patterns and locations of
features (e.g., fire pits, huts) (Jolley 2007; Geier
and Potter 2000, Higgins et al. 1995). Battlefields
are usually the locations of more fluid events, but
controlled study of artifact patterning can reveal
fairly specific interpretations of how the battle
unfolded, if archaeological integrity has been
preserved. The distribution of fired and unfired
bullets, and artillery shell fragments, for example,
can suggest the location of troop positions, firing
lines, and troop positions that were subjected to
intense fire.
The results of the 2011survey indicated the
potential for distinct battle lines, or positions
based upon the recovery of diagnostic artillery
and small arms ammunition (Moore 2011). The
supplemental evaluation metal detector survey
revealed a broad scatter of military-related objects
at Site 44FK0622 that covered an area of approxi-
18
mately 590 x 492 ft. (180 x150 m), and involved
the excavation of 656 metal detector targets which
yielded over 700 artifacts (see Chapter 5: Artifact
Descriptions; Appendix A). Within this broad
scatter, two main artifact concentrations (desig-
nated Loci 1 and 2) were delineated.
Locus 1 measured approximately 9.1 x 22.8
ft. (30 x 75 m) and was identified east of the
twentieth-century house site along the eastern end
of the project area (Figure 10). It is represented by
eight 50-x-50-ft. (15-x-15-m) blocks (Blocks H, I,
R, S, AB, AC, AT, and AU) and 156 metal detec-
tor targets. Civil War–related artifacts recovered
from this concentration include assorted caliber
and types of bullets (i.e., Gardner, Enfield, Sharps
carbine), shrapnel, canister shot, a horseshoe, and
a stirrup, copper alloy buttons, a knife blade, and
nails (cut and wrought), among other objects (see
Chapter 5: Artifact Descriptions).
Locus 2, situated approximately 148 ft. (45m)
northwest of Locus 1, measured approximately
13.7 x 22.8 ft. (45 x 75 m) and is represented
by seven 50-x-50-ft. (15-x-15-m) survey blocks
(Blocks AP, AS, AW, AX, AY, AZ, and BG) and
133 metal detector targets. Recovered objects
include a host of bullets such as Enfield, Gardner,
Sharps carbine, and round ball bullets; canister
and case shot, a rifle musket nipple protector,
wrought and cut nails, a heel plate, copper al-
loy buttons, a fork, a knife blade, and a redware
ceramic, among other items.
ar t i f a C t di S tri B ution re S u l t S
The distributions of small arms ammunition and
shrapnel show fairly distinctive patterns which
correspond closely to the locations of Loci 1 and
2 (Figure 11; see Figure 10). The locations of
unfired (dropped) Union bullets, for example,
appear to form three, roughly linear east/west
firing lines that are perpendicular to Valley Pike
(Figure 12). The firing lines are 45 to 60 m apart,
and each approximately 105 m long. Firing Line
1 represents the westernmost in the series along
the 445E gridline and contained four .52 caliber
Sharps carbine bullets [MD 440, MD 468, MD
470, MD 476], one .58 caliber Williams Cleaner
bullet [MD 469], and one .58 caliber Custer
machine-made bullet [MD 610]; Firing Line 2 to
the east at 485E gridline contained two, 3 groove
.58 caliber bullets [MD 319 and MD 78]; two,
three ring .69 caliber bullets from musketoon rifle
[MD 472 and MD 473]; and Firing Line 3 at
560E, contained three, .52 caliber Sharps carbine
bullets [MD 140, MD 527, and MD 533] and
one Sharps rifle bullet [MD 254]. These possible
firing positions are based upon the disposition of
unfired bullets, most of which are of the same am-
munition type (i.e., .52 caliber Sharps carbine).
The distribution of all recovered bullets (both
fired and unfired), combined with artillery shell
fragments, also corresponds closely with the two
artifact loci and the proposed firing lines indicated
by dropped Union bullets, as all are clustered
along the same, or nearly the same eastings (see
Figures 10–12). Bullets and shrapnel are most
heavily concentrated in the area between the 450E
and 500E gridlines, which corresponds to loca-
tions of the most dropped bullets along possible
Firing Lines 1 and 2.
As will be discussed more fully in the final
chapter, the distribution of ammunition, in
I - Dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) sandy clay (topsoil)
II - Olive brownish (2.5Y4/4) clay (subsoil)
Figure 9. Site 44FK0622, Shovel Test 88, profile.
19 Figure 10. Site 44FK0622, plan of metal detector targets and Artifact Loci 1 and 2.
20 Figure 11. Site 44FK0622, distribution of small arms ammunition and shrapnel.
21"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#############################################################################################################################################XXXXXXXXXXkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Accoutrements>ClothingENNails"DomesticXHorse-related!Artillery/ammunitionk20th c.#Misc./unidentifiedPossible Union Firing LineFigure 12. Site 44FK0622, plan of possible Firing Lines 1–3.
22
particular, suggests a certain degree of structure
and/or organization to troop fighting positions,
as well as attests to the intensity of the battle on
the Union’s eastern flank.
With the exception of a substantial quantity
of cut nails (n=247), the metal detector targets
include surprisingly few encampment-related ar-
tifacts (i.e., buttons, utensil fragments, ceramics,
bottle glass, and a pocket knife) (see Chapter 5:
Artifact Descriptions). The latter items are so few
in number—a total of eight in each loci—they
provide little information in terms of their dis-
tribution. However, distinct clusters of cut nails
appear on the western half of the site along the
E440 and E480 lines, and seem to trend heaviest
towards the east/southeast along the E540 and
E560 lines at Locus 1 (Figure 13). These may
reflect the locations of staging and/or storage
areas for boxed supplies, such as foodstuffs and
ammunition. Overall, the abundance of nails
to so few domestic items suggests that the core
“living area” of the encampment(s) was probably
focused elsewhere, perhaps at the highly disturbed
twentieth-century house site, or just outside of
the project area boundaries; it is also possible that
clothing and personal items were lost during the
heat of battle.
te S t un i t ex C a v a t i o n re S u l t S
Three 3-x-6-ft. (1-x-2-m) test units were exca-
vated to assess integrity, stratigraphy, and feature
potential within the artifact concentrations identi-
fied during the metal detector and shovel testing
surveys. The artifact concentrations comprise a
combination of diagnostic Civil War military
artifacts that suggest battle activities and troop
positions, as well as contemporaneous artifacts
that may represent encampments.
Test Unit 1 was excavated along the northwest-
ern boundary of the project area at coordinates
N527/ E453.5 to investigate a relatively high-den-
sity scatter of domestic artifacts (n=5) recovered
from Survey Block AW within Locus 2, as well as
an area of concentrated small arms and artillery
ammunition. Surprisingly, this unit yielded only
two sherds of early nineteenth-century coarse
earthenware, one fragment of a cut nail fragment,
2.4 g of clinker, and little else (see Appendix A).
These few items were recovered from remnants
of a yellowish brown (10YR5/4) fine silty loam
plowzone (Level I) that measured approximately
0.35 ft. (10 cm) deep. The plowzone was over a
distinctive dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty
clay subsoil (Figure 14). No cultural features were
identified.
Test Units 2 and 3 were excavated within the
southeastern portion of the project area to inves-
tigate high-density deposits of nails and domestic
material recovered from Survey Bocks H and S
within Locus 1, as well as clusters of ammunition.
Test Unit 2, situated at N484/E564, produced
0.4g of clinker, 5.8g of brick, and 3.1g of coal
and one Native American–produced, jasper flake.
These items were recovered from a thin, remnant
plowzone that ranged from 0.18–0.35 ft. (5–10
cm) thick. Subsoil consisted of a light olive brown
(2.5Y5/6) clay. Test Unit 3, located just north of
Test Unit 2 at 492N/560N was also culturally
sterile, and had a similar soil profile (Figures 15
and 16).
23 Figure 13. Site 44FK0622, distribution of nails.
24
I - Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) fine silty loam (plowzone)
II - Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) silty clay (subsoil)
Figure 14. Site 44FK0622, east profile of Test Unit 1.
I - Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) fine silty loam (plowzone)
II - Light olive brown (2.5Y5/6) silty clay (subsoil)
Figure 15. Site 44FK0622, south profile of Test Unit 2.
I - Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) fine silty loam (plowzone)
II - Dark yellowish brown (2.5Y5/6) silty clay (subsoil)
Figure 16. Site 44FK0622, east profile of Test Unit 3.
25
5: Artifact Descriptions
in t r o d u C t i o n
This chapter presents summary descriptions and
analyses of the historic artifacts recovered during
the supplemental archaeological evaluation at Site
44FK0622. A total of 769 artifacts were recovered
and the majority of these (n=743, 96%) are prob-
ably associated with Cedar Creek battlefield and
Civil War encampment activities (Table 1; see
Appendix A). Seven hundred and fifty-six of these
items (98%) were recovered as a result of the metal
detector survey. As summarized below, these in-
clude an array of domestic- and military-related
items such as ceramics, bottle glass, buttons, bul-
lets, and artillery shell fragments, among other
items. Information gleaned from these objects,
coupled with distributional data, contributes to
the interpretation of this portion of the battlefield
from an archaeological and historical perspective
discussed in the final Chapter 6.
hi S tori C ar t i f a C t S
Food Preparation and Consumption Group
This group consists ceramics, glassware, and “oth-
er” items (see Table 1). The assemblage includes
eight ceramic sherds. Of this collection, eight are
coarseware; all have orange bodies, and six with
brown glaze and two with black glaze. The other
ceramic type recovered was a fragment of either
burned, or second quality nineteenth-century
whiteware.
Other recovered items in this group include
a cast iron leg, possibly to that of a pot; a two-
pronged, iron fork with tang, a fragment of a
cast iron frying pan, and a piece of dark green
bottle glass.
Historic Faunal/Ethnobotanical Group
This group consists of four fragments of unidenti-
fied animal bone.
Architectural Group
This group is comprised of 250 artifacts, or nearly
34 % of the total battlefield-associated items. It
includes 247 nails, of which 139 (56% ) are cut,
76 (31%) are hand wrought, and 32 (13%) are
unidentifiable. The architectural group also in-
cludes two fragments of iron keys, one iron spike,
and 5.8 grams of handmade brick.
Furniture Group
This group is limited to one copper alloy oil lamp
burner component.
Arms Group
Arms-related artifacts comprise just over 20%
(n=152) of the recovered items. This group con-
sists of lead bullets (n=91, 60%), iron shot (n=23,
15%), artillery shell fragments (n=22, 14%),
shrapnel (n=13, 9%), cartridge cases (n=2, 1%),
and a musket nipple (n=1, 1%) (Figure 17).
The bullet collection includes a range of cali-
bers typically represented on Civil War battlefield
sites. These consist of .44 caliber (n=5, 5.38%),
.52 caliber (n=9, 9.68%), .54 caliber (n=6,
6.45%), .58 caliber 3 groove bullet (n=61, 29%),
.69 caliber (n=3, 3.23%), and indeterminate
26
ar t i f a C t gr o u p Qu a n t i t y % o f aS S e M B l ag e
Food Preparation and Consumption Group (1.75% of total artifacts; n=13)
Ceramics (1.21%, n=9)
Coarseware 8 1.08
Whiteware 1 0.13
Glassware (0.13%, n=1)
Dark Green Bottle Glass 1 0.13
Other (0.40%, n=3)
Cast Iron Leg 1 0.13
Two-pronged Fork 1 0.13
Cast Iron Frying Pan 1 0.13
Historic Faunal/Ethnobotanical (0.54% of total artifacts; n=4)
Animal Bone 4 0.54
Architectural Group (33.60% of total artifacts; n=250)
Cut Nails 139 18.68
Hand Wrought Nails 76 10.22
Nails (unidentifiable) 32 4.30
Spike 1 0.13
Iron Key 2 0.27
Brick (weighed)
Furniture Group (0.13% of total artifacts; n=1)
Oil Lamp Burner Component 1 0.13
Arms Group (20.43% of total artifacts; n=152)
Lead Bullets 91 12.23
Cartridge Case 2 0.27
Musket Nipple 1 0.13
Artillery Shell Fragments 22 2.96
Case Shot 16 2.15
Shrapnel 13 1.75
Canister Shot 7 0.94
Clothing Group (1.61% of total artifacts; n=12)
Buttons 10 1.34
Heel Plate 2 0.27
Personal Group (0.27% of total artifacts; n=2)
Watch Frag 1 0.13
Pocket Knife 1 0.13
Activities Group (2.15% of total artifacts; n=16)
Horseshoes 7 0.94
Horseshoe Nails 5 0.67
Bridle Bits 2 0.27
Tack 1 0.13
Drawknife 1 0.13
Unassigned/Miscellaneous Group (41.67%, n=294)
to t a l 100.00
Table 1. Site 44FK0622, assemblage by artifact groups (*does not include 27 modern artifacts)
27
Figure 17. Site 44FK0622, selected small arms-related artifacts (a–b - miscellaneous carbine rifle cartridge cases [a -
MD475; b - MD444]; c–g - representative Confederate examples [c - .54 rifle musket or indeterminate Enfield rifle
musket (MD58); d - Gardner 2 ring rifle musket (MD94); e - 3 groove rifle musket nose cast (MD247); f - Sharps
sporting rifle (MD441); g - round ball, smooth bore musket (MD311)]; h–n - Representative Union examples [h
- rifle musket (MD473); i - Merrill carbine (MD453); j - Sharps carbine (MD440); k - Sharps rifle (MD254);
l - Colt? pistol (MD119); m - Williams cleaner bullet, Type III (MD469); n - Williams cleaner bullet]; o–q - fired
bullets [o - Gardner 2 ring (MD99); p - 3 groove rifle musket (MD299); q - .54 Enfield rifle musket (MD141)]).
28
calibers (n=12) which comprise 12.90% of the
collection.
Fired bullets (n=68, 73%)(including two that
have been possibly fired) account for more than
two times that of unfired or “dropped” bullets
(n=25, 27%). On Civil War battlefields one typi-
cally finds a much higher proportion of fired to
unfired bullets. For instance, at Site 44FK0616
at the Third Winchester Battlefield, 86% of the
recovered .58 caliber rounds were fired (Jolley
2007:210). The smaller percentage of dropped
bullets are significant archaeologically, however.
Often attributed to soldiers’ haste and the intensi-
ty of battle, these can sometimes form discernible
patterns that suggest troop positions and move-
ments on the battlefield (Jolley 2007:216–219)
(see Chapter 6).
Tables 2–4 summarize Confederate- and
Union-manufactured bullets, and/or those likely
attributable to each side, as well as indetermi-
nate specimens recovered from Site 44FK0622.
Confederate examples include all nose cast bul-
lets; the .69 round ball and the .44 caliber Sharps
sporting rifle bullets. Union ammunition includes
Sharps rifle and carbine, Williams Cleaner Types
II and III , and Merrill carbine.
Three groove nose cast bullets account for
39.29% (n=11) of the Confederate assemblage;
Gardner bullets, 35.71 % (n=10); Enfield /Enfield
round nose (n=3) and .44 caliber Sharps (n=3),
each at 10.71% (n=3), and .69 caliber round ball,
3.57% (n=1). Sixty-seven percent (n=18) of the
bullets in this group are fired and 33 % (n=9),
unfired.
The .58 caliber 3 groove bullet was manufac-
tured for use with the .58 caliber rifle musket,
the infantry weapon used most widely by both
Union and Confederate forces during the Civil
War (Thomas and Thomas 2007:43, 52). Most
of the bullets in the North were machine pressed,
while the ones in the South were predominantly
cast in molds. Frequently, the only way to distin-
guish between a .58 caliber 3 groove bullet that
was manufactured in the South is if the bullet
exhibits casting features such as sprue locations
or irregularities in the cavity and/or rings.
Confederate small arms ordinance was less
standardized than that of the Union and the
former used a greater variety of firearms, many
of which were considered obsolete as the war
progressed. The LFCC collection contains a .69
caliber round ball used with the smoothbore
musket, an older weapon that was gradually
phased out for the .58 caliber rifle musket, though
many remained in use throughout the war by
Confederate forces (Jolley 2007:219). Also, the
non-military issue Sharps sporting rifle was most
likely Confederate, and probably reflects the use
of a personal rifle brought from home.
Of the ammunition likely used by Union
troops, the .52 caliber Sharps carbine bullets
(n=7, 38.89%) comprise nearly half of the as-
semblage, followed by Williams Cleaner bullets
(n=4, 22.24%); possible Spencer carbine cartridge
cases (n=2, 11.11%); 3 groove, .69 caliber bullets
(n=2, 11.11%) for a rifle musketoon, possibly
manufactured by the Frankford Arsenal, and then
a .44 caliber pistol bullet (n=1), possibly from a
Colt revolver; a .54 caliber Merrill carbine bul-
let (n=1) and a Sharps rifle bullet (n=1), each at
5.56%. Sixty-seven percent (n=12) of these bullets
are unfired, and 33 % or less appear to have been
either fired, or possibly fired.
Ammunition for breech-loading weapons (i.e.,
Sharps rifle and carbine, Merrill carbine, Spencer
carbine) accounts for nearly 70% of probable
Union bullets (n=11). The two crushed brass
cartridge cases in this collection are for possible
.52 caliber bullets used in seven-shot Spencer re-
peating carbines. Technologically advanced com-
pared to muzzle-loading weapons, and to even the
single-shot Sharps and Merrill weapons of the day,
the Spencer carbine proved highly efficient: “a
typical calvary unit of 100 men armed with these
repeating weapons could fire over 1,400 rounds a
minute, which was equal to, or greater than, the
volume of fire power of an infantry unit with five
times as many troops” (Huston (2006:35). Thus,
29
Bu l l e t t y p e Ca l i B e r fi r e d un f i r e d to t a l % o f
to t a l
Enfield (Rifle Musket) .577 1 0 1 3.57
Enfield, Round Nose (Rifle Musket) .54 RM or .577 1 0 1 3.57
Indeterminate, Possible Enfield (Rifle Musket) .54 RM or .577 1 0 1 3.57
Gardner, 2 Ring (Rifle Musket) .58 6 1 7 25.00
Gardner, 2 Ring Nose Cast (Rifle Musket) .54 0 1 1 3.57
Gardner, 2 Ring Nose Cast (Rifle Musket) .58 0 1 1 3.57
Indeterminate, Gardner (Rifle Musket) .58 1 0 1 3.57
3 Groove, Nose Cast (Rifle Musket) .58 7 2 9 32.14
3 Groove, Nose Cast (Rifle Musket) ? 1 0 1 3.57
3 Groove, Possible Nose Cast (Rifle Musket) .54 0 1 1 3.57
Round Ball (Smoothbore Musket) .69 0 1 1 3.57
Sharps (Sporting Rifle) .44 0 3 3 10.71
18 (64%) 10 (36%) 28 100.00
Table 2. Site 44FK0622, Confederate ammunition and/or ammunition of possible Confederate use.
Bu l l e t S a n d SM a l l ar M S Ca l i B e r fi r e d un f i r e d poS S i B l e to t a l % o f
fi r e d to t a l
Sharps (Rifle) .56 0 1 0 1 5.56
Williams Cleaner III (Rifle Musket) .58 0 1 0 1 5.56
Williams Cleaner II/III (Rifle Musket) .58 0 1 0 1 5.56
Possible Williams Cleaner III (Rifle Musket) .58 1 0 0 1 5.56
Williams Cleaner, Indet, Type (Rifle Musket) .58 1 0 0 1 5.56
3 Groove, Frankford Arsenal .69 0 2 0 2 11.11
(?) (Rifle Musketoon
Possible Colt (Pistol) .44 0 0 1 1 5.56
Merrill (Carbine) .54 1 0 0 1 5.56
Sharps (Carbine) .52 0 7 0 7 38.89
Cartridge Cases, Spencer (?) (Carbine) .52 0 0 2 2 11.11
to t a l 5 12 1 18 100.00
Table 3. Site 44FK0622, Union ammunition and/or ammunition of possible Union use.
30
the U.S. Ordinance Department ordered close to
100,000 thousand Spencer carbines, over 12,000
Spencer rifles, and millions of Spencer cartridges
between 1862 and the 1866 (Huston 2006).
In addition to these bullets, Site 44FK0622
yielded the disk and plunger portions of two
Williams Cleaner bullets. The Williams bullet, of
which there were Types I–III, was very distinc-
tive and somewhat controversial. Adopted for
use in 1862, it purportedly kept the bore of the
rifle clean while maintaining superior accuracy.
The Williams Cleaner bullet “consisted of the
combination expand-bullet of a headed pin and
a concave expanding disc having its concave side
against the base of the bullet and the pin entering
the cavity thereof, and operating to produce the
flattening of the disc by which it was caused to
expand against the walls of and entering the rifling
of the gun” (Lord 1965:16) (Figure 18). Over the
period of 1862–1864, two to three rounds of this
ammunition were packaged in each bundle of ten
cartridges, however, subsequent ordinance tests,
and the experiences of soldiers, indicated these fell
well short of their intended purpose, and failed
not only in keeping the rifle barrel from fouling,
but often broke apart when fired. Hence, it is
not uncommon to find components of Williams
Cleaner bullets [i.e., plunger, disks] archaeolo-
gically. Apparently this ammunition became so
unreliable that soldiers appear to have intention-
ally discarded it in the field (Jolley 2007:211;
Smith 1994:73).
Nearly half (n=44, 49%) of the overall bullet
assemblage from Site 44FK0622 is indeterminate
as to either Confederate or Union usage. The
collection is comprised predominantly (n=33,
75%) of three-groove, .58 caliber examples.
Interestingly, 89 percent (n=39) of the indetermi-
nate group is fired, which is more closely aligned
with the high percentage of fired to unfired bullets
in the Confederate grouping than in the Union
bullet collection.
Bu l l e t t y p e Ca l i B e r fi r e d un f i r e d poS S i B l e to t a l % o f
fi r e d to t a l
3 Groove .58 33 3 0 36 75.00
Indeterminate .58 3 0 0 3 6.25
3 Groove .54 1 0 0 1 2.08
Round Nose .54 RM or .577 1 0 0 1 2.08
3 Groove .54 0 0 1 1 2.08
3 Groove .54 1 0 0 1 2.08
3 Groove .565 0 1 0 1 2.08
Round Ball .44 1 0 0 1 2.08
Indeterminate ? 3 0 0 3 6.25
to t a l 43 (90%) 4 (8%) 1(2%) 48 100.00
Table 4. Site 44FK0622, ammunition of either Union and/or Confederate use.
Figure 18. Cross section diagram of William Cleaner
bullet (Lord 1965:16).
31
Recovered bullet types reflect the variety of
firearms used on this portion of the Cedar Creek
battlefield (see Tables 2–4). The most common
is the .58 caliber rifle musket (n=75, 80.65%),
followed by .52 and .54 caliber carbine (n=10,
10.75%), rifle (n=4, 4.30%), and .69 caliber
rifle musketoon (n=2, 2.15%); pistol (n=1) and
smoothbore musket (n=1) each comprise just
1.08%.
Artillery shell and shrapnel fragments comprise
23% (n=35) of the arms-related group (Figure 19
and Table 5). While the two are technically the
same, definitive artillery shell casing/component
fragments are noted separately as this allows the
type of cannon (i.e., smoothbore, rifled) to be
differentiated (see Appendix A). The former
group (n=22) includes 15 conical examples, one
spherical, five ferrous (unidentified), and one
sabot fragment. Two of the conical examples in
the collection contain fuse channels (see Figure
17).
Conical artillery shells are representative
of the introduction of rifled cannon, a major
innovation in artillery design during the war
(Coggins 1990:76–77). Rifled cannon usually
fired elongated cylindrical-conical shells with
far more accuracy and range than their smooth-
bored predecessors. Union and Confederate gun
manufacturers built a large variety of rifled cannon
during the war. However, the most prolific was
the Parrott, both field caliber and large caliber
rifles; designed by Robert Parrott in 1860 and
patented in 1861. His clientele included Virginia
just prior to secession, and to the Federal govern-
ment. A number of Parrott rifles were captured
by the Confederates during the war, including at
First Manassas (Bell 2003:8).
The copper alloy sabot fragment recovered
from 44FK0622 is part of a Confederate-
manufactured, Reed-Parrott artillery shell. This
device was a thrust-transmitting carrier attached
to a projectile that positions the missile in the
gun barrel and traps gas behind it upon firing.
“Smooth bore shells,” notes Civil War author
Jack Bell (2003:41), “used wooden sabots and
straps to keep the fuze pointed away from the
firing charge. Rifled projectiles used sabots to take
the rifling, forcing the projectile to spin as it left
the cannon barrel. Four types of sabots were used
during the war: ring, cup, disk, and band.” The
Site 44FK0622 example appears to be of the ring
type, as shown in Figure 20.
Shrapnel (n=13) from Site 44FK0622 includes
six distinctive cube-like pieces of iron that were
once encased in a segmented artillery shell from a
British-manufactured gun, and one iron fragment
that may be a piece of a possible shell fuse channel
(Figure 21; see Figure 19).
The artillery assemblage includes a significant
quantity of highly effective anti-personnel rounds.
Iron shot accounts for 26 % (n=23) of the arms
group, and is comprised of sixteen pieces of case
shot and seven canister shot. The case shot range
from .434 to .779 inches in diameter with an
average of .650 inches. Case shot, as the name
indicates, were packed within a case which ex-
ploded during the flight of the case, scattering the
balls (Lord 1965:196). Canister shot consisted of
“cylindrical tin cases with iron heads, of caliber
suitable for different types of cannon, filled with
cast-iron balls arranged in four tiers and packed
in sawdust. Canister was used at ranges of not
ty p e Qu a n t i t y % o f
to t a l
Artillery Shell Fragments 22 37.90
Conical 15 –
Spherical 1 –
Sabot 1 –
Unidentified 5 –
Shrapnel 13 22.40
Canister Shot (Iron) 7 12.10
Case Shot (Iron) 16 27.60
to t a l S 58 100.00
Table 5. Site 44FK0622, artillery shell fragments,
shrapnel, canister shot, and case shot.
32
Figure 19. Site 44FK0622, selected artillery-related artifacts (a - segmented shell shrapnel [MD196, MD582,
MD405, MD316]; b - copper alloy sabot fragment [MD11]; c - cannister shot [MD343, MD152]; d - case
shot [MD270, MD50, MD29]; e - conical shell fragment [MD557]; f - spherical ball fragment [MD328]).
Figure 20. Example of a brass sabot on
the base of a Parrott conical artillery
shell (Kerksis and Dickey 1968:143).
33
exceeding 400 yards, but was most destructive at
from 100–200 yards.” (Lord 1965:196). It was
within this shorter range that gun crews might
be ordered to fire “double canister,” which had
an even more devastating effect as it produced
“a deadly wall of [iron] balls and metal debris
directed against enemy troops” (Bell 2003:90).
Clothing Group
This group is comprised of 12 items, including
10 nineteenth-century copper alloy buttons and
two iron boot heel plates (Figure 22). Nine of
the buttons date to the first half of the nineteenth
century. These are flat discs with eyes, and range in
diameter from 11/16 in. up to 1 in. One of these
has “GILT” backmark and two have illegible back
marks. The remaining button, dating generally to
the nineteenth century, has a sheet metal face with
a possible family crest, or coat of arms.
Personal Group
This category is limited to one iron handle to a
pocket knife, and one plated T-bar with a chain
section for a pocket watch.
Activities Group
This group accounts for 42% (n=310) of recov-
ered items, is comprised of horseshoes (n=7, 2%),
horseshoe nails (n=5, 2%); bridle bits (n=2), a tack
(n=1), and a drawknife handle tang (n=1) each
represent less than 1% of the group assemblage.
Unassigned/Miscellaneous Group
This group (n=294) includes items such as iron
and copper alloy rings and rivets, can fragments,
strapping, iron handles to a box/chest; scrap
metal, wire, and unidentified pieces of iron,
among other objects; it makes up nearly 42% of
the total site assemblage.
Figure 21. Sectioned shell
with segmented shrapnel inside
(Kerksis and Dickey 1968:74).
34
Figure 22. Site 44FK0622, selected buttons (a - copper alloy button with
embossed design [MD170]; b–e - plain copper alloy buttons [b - MD394;
c - MD636; d - MD418; e - MD458]).
35
6: Research Conclusions and Recommendations
re S e a r C h Co n C l u S i o n S
Perhaps few Civil War battles in the Valley of
Virginia stir the imagination as does the Battle
of Cedar Creek. With its dramatic turn of events
and final outcome, the occurrences on its battle-
field that Fall day in 1864 still has a remarkable
story to tell, even after a century and a half. It is
within this historical setting that archaeological
investigations at the proposed site of the Lord
Fairfax Community College Student Center in
Middletown in the Summer of 2012 provide a rare
glimpse into this battle as gleaned from artifacts
carefully recorded and collected from only inches
beneath the modern ground surface. The discov-
ery of bullets, buttons, artillery shell fragments,
and a host of other items, coupled with historical
accounts of the battle’s intensity, attest to the
wreckage left in its wake (Huston 2006; Noyalas
2009). At the conclusion of the battle during the
evening of October 19, a U.S. Army surgeon at-
tached to the 77th New York observed, “the moon
shining brightly over the battle-field revealed the
camps of the living side by side of the resting
places of the dead. All the way from Middletown
to Cedar Creek the debris of battle was scattered
over the fields [emphasis mine]” (Stevens 1866,
quoted from Noyalas 2009:73).
What transpired that day to result in such
carnage and vast debris field began as a brilliantly
planned early morning attack by Confederate
forces under the command of Lt. Gen. Jubal
Early, only to eventually unravel due to a mas-
sive, late afternoon Union counterattack by Maj.
Gen. Philip Sheridan’s Army of the Valley, which
culminated in a resounding victory for the latter.
The initial advance of the Confederates was swift
along the stream banks and on the bluffs of Cedar
Creek. The Confederate advance, in a dramatic re-
versal of fortunes, faltered by around noon of that
day just north of Middletown, however. General
Sheridan’s subsequent rallying of his troops and
officers, inspiring them to regain their composure
and regroup, determined not only the outcome
of the battle but insured a victory that helped to
foreshadow the outcome of the war.
As Sheridan’s counterattack was set in mo-
tion, with established battle lines in the fields and
woods perpendicular to Valley Pike just north/
northwest of Middletown, the Union’s extreme
left flank (on what is today the east side of Valley
Pike), was protected in part by the cavalry of
Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, and was the location
of temporary artillery positions commanded by
Capt. Henry A. DuPont. Even though ultimately
successful, Merritt latter recalled of his attack:
“The charge was made on an enemy well formed,
prepared to receive it with guns double-shotted
with cannister...Into that fearful charge rode many
a noble spirit who met his death” (Merritt quoted
from Noyalas 2009:70).
The Battle of Cedar Creek is noteworthy for
its intense, ferocious fighting, which took its hu-
man toll, and as historical accounts will also attest,
left the battlefield landscape—the stream valleys,
fields and woods—littered with the weaponry
and personal belongings of the men who fought
there. From an archaeological perspective, the full
research potential of such rich historical settings
have only fairly recently begun to be recognized,
and the strategies and methods for investigation
36
of these unique archaeological resources refined
(Jolley 2007).
The archaeological investigations undertaken
on different portions of Site 44FK0622 by ECS
Mid-Atlantic, LLC in the Spring and Summer of
2006 and by the WMCAR in the Fall of 2012,
each yielded intriguing information about the
intensity and nature of the battle on the Union’s
eastern flank. As previously described, Site
44FK0622 extends well over seven acres in size,
and encompasses both the CCDC parcel on the
south and the proposed Student Center building
parcel on the north. The investigation by the
WMCAR on the latter portion of the site yielded
more than five times (n=743) the number of arti-
facts recovered from the CCDC parcel (n=139)
(Huston 2006:33–44). Even when miscellaneous/
unidentifiable items (n=294) are excluded, the
Student Center parcel assemblage is still three
times larger, a difference that may reflect the in-
tensity of the battle at these locations and/or the
site’s overall varying degrees of integrity due to
relic hunting and other disturbances. Small arms
ammunition recovered from the Student Center
parcel comprises nearly 61 % of the Arms Group
from that area; artillery shell/shrapnel fragments
and case shot, just under 40 % (Figures 23 and
24). In contrast, artillery ammunition (i.e., shrap-
nel, case shot) from the CCDC was proportionally
higher than that of the Student Center, at 49 %,
and small arms lower, at 39%. The proportions
of other artifact categories—clothing/accoutre-
ments and personal—are roughly the same at
about 2% or less. Thus, the quantities of am-
munition, in particular, within different areas of
the larger site may indicate the specific nature of
the battle as it unfolded at these locations, as well
as the disposition of artillery units, and infantry
and calvary troops. As previously noted, research
suggests that the portion of the campus now oc-
cupied by the CCDC was most likely the loca-
tion of Light Battery B of the 5th U.S. Artillery
under the command of Captain DuPont during
the later stages of the battle, and was defended
by the calvary of General Merritt (see Chapters 1
and 2). The recovery of cannon friction primers,
carbine bullets, and carbine bullet shell casings,
among other items; coupled with narratives of the
battle seem to attest to this. Likewise, the recovery
of significant amounts of shrapnel and case shot
likely reflects intense Confederate artillery fire in
an effort to eliminate this strategic battery so Brig.
Gen. Gabriel Wharton’s troops could advance on
the Union left flank.
WMCAR’s supplemental archaeological
evaluation of Site 44FK0622 yielded over seven
hundred artifacts, nearly all of which can be at-
tributed the Battle of Cedar Creek and/or a pos-
sible encampment(s). Virtually all of these items
( 98%) were recovered through systematic metal
detector survey. Of course, the most definitive
collection (n=151) associated with the battle is
the Arms Group, comprised predominantly of
ammunition. Comparative data from other battle-
fields indicates that the density of battle-related
artifacts, even if just considering ammunition, is
moderately high at 25 artifacts per acre, and re-
flects not only the intensity of the battle but also
the thoroughness of the survey (Jolley 2007:218;
Harwood 2001:59; Lees 1994:49).
Archaeologists recovered a handful of nine-
teenth-century civilian-style buttons; a few pieces
of nineteenth-century ceramic, and a pocket
knife, all possibly camp-related items. The but-
ton collection is intriguing in that no military
uniform buttons are present, suggesting that the
civilian-style buttons that were recovered may
have belonged to Confederates. This raises the
question of whether the buttons were from an
earlier Confederate camp, or were lost, along with
other items, in the heat of battle?
Among the other items recovered were dozens
of unburned nails. Similar concentrations of nails,
along with ration can fragments and other items
have recently been discovered at encampments
of the Union’s Eighth Corps on the bluffs near
Cedar Creek (Higgins et al. 2013). These may
have been fasteners for various boxes that con-
37
60.9%
(n = 92)
38.4%
(n = 58)
39.5%
(n = 49)
48.4%
(n = 60)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
Small Arms Percentage Artillery Percentage
Student Center Corron Community Development Center
1.62%
(n = 12)
0.27%
(n = 2)
2.16%
(n = 3)
0.72%
(n = 1)
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
Clothing/Accoutrements Percentage Personal Percentage
Student Center Corron Community Development Center
Figure 23. Site 44FK0622, comparison of small arms ammunition and artillery-related artifacts recovered from
proposed LFCC Student Center and Corron Community Development Center.
Figure 24. Site 44FK0622,comparison of clothing/accoutrements and personal artifacts recovered from proposed
LFCC Student Center and Corron Community Development Center.
38
tained foodstuffs or ordinance. Concentrations
of nails on the eastern and southeastern portions
of the project area suggest these were temporary
storage areas either prior to or subsequent to the
battle (see Figure 13).
Nearly all of the historic artifacts recovered
within the project area are likely attributable to
the military occupation of the property during the
Battle of Cedar Creek, even some that do not have
a clear military connection. Given that Civil War
maps and early twentieth-century topographic
maps shows no indication of domestic occupation
of the project area during the nineteenth century,
the domestic and architectural artifacts such as the
whiteware and redware ceramic sherds, utensil
fragments, nails, and handmade brick, as well as
items (e.g., harmonica reed) found during the
survey, may represent an undocumented post-
battle Union encampment (Moore 2011). Given
that Middletown was re-occupied multiple times
by Union and Confederate forces during the war,
it is also possible that these items represent an
unrelated Civil War encampment that predates
the Battle of Cedar Creek. Given the results of
test unit excavations and the associated absence
of subsurface features, the scatter of domestic
and architectural material identified within the
project area likely represents either a very ephem-
eral encampment or activity areas peripheral to a
more sustained encampment located to the north
and/or east of the project area. The distribution
and quantity of artifacts, particularly the recov-
ered fired and unfired bullets and artillery shell
fragments, reflect intense fighting, as well as the
possible disposition of Union troops and fluid
battle lines.
As previously described, Captain DuPont’s
temporary field artillery positions lay within the
bounds of the site just south of the project area;
though these may well have extended into it dur-
ing the afternoon of the battle. Other elements
of the Union Army undoubtedly took positions
here as well. Scholars have described the exploits
and tenaciousness of General Merritt’s calvary
along this vital portion of the battlefield which
contributed to the collapse and eventual retreat
of Confederate troops under the command of
General Wharton (Huston 2006; Noyalas 2009).
Though it could be, as was the opinion of some
veterans of the infantry regarding Custer’s success
on the right flank, “.....a popular delusion that the
calvary initiated the rout of the enemy....[and]...
The calvary only finished what the infantry alone
had begun” (Buffum, quoted from Noyalas
2009:68).
Battlefields leave their unique signature in
the archaeological record from lost ammunition
and other artifacts as troops deployed and/or re-
treated due to haste, desperation, and chaos that
so often characterized battle (Jolley 2007:218).
At 44FK0622, archaeologists recovered several
unfired Sharps carbine bullets, many showing up
in distinct clusters, as well as a Merrill carbine bul-
let and Spencer carbine cartridge cases that may
reflect fighting positions of cavalry, and/or firing
lines of infantry (see Chapter 4, Artifact Loci 1
and 2; Artifact Distribution). Breech-loading
weapons were popular with calvary and sharp-
shooters due to their ease and speed of loading
without a ramrod, which undoubtedly provided
a tremendous advantage on the battlefield (Geier
and Potter 2000:329). In addition to the clusters
of carbine bullets, the locations of other dropped
(unfired) Union bullets (e.g., Williams Cleaner,
.69 caliber [musketoon]) appear to cluster along
three separate, possible firing lines (Firing Lines
1–3) that may have once extended perpendicular
to the Valley Pike, and these lines correspond
closely with the areas which yielded the heaviest
concentrations of fired .58 caliber rifle musket am-
munition and artillery shell fragments, suggesting
these positions were “marked” for Confederate
fire (see Figure 12).
The indications of firing positions suggest a
formal, organized structure to the Union counter-
attack; whether by soldiers afoot or on horseback,
it was fiercely opposed by devastating Confederate
small arms and artillery fire. The possible Union
39
Firing Lines 1–3 that have been identified may
represent the advance of a single line of troops,
or perhaps a succession over the course of the
afternoon; regardless, those soldiers (in Firing
Lines 1 and 2) that closed on the Confederate
positions to the south clearly received the brunt
of fire based upon the patterning of spent bullets
and shrapnel (see Figures 11 and 12). It is perhaps
here within the boundaries of the project area and
its vicinity that close quarters fighting occurred,
as Merritt’s account indicates, and is reflected
in the recovery of pistol bullets, as well as case
and canister shot. Ironically, during the initial
stages of the Battle of Cedar Creek the advancing
Confederate forces captured over a dozen Union
field guns, which they used to shell the Union
forces as they retreated northward and which, in
turn, may have been among those guns that un-
leashed intense artillery fire on Merritt’s mounted
troops, as well as on DuPont’s gun battery and
the infantry during the afternoon counterattack
(Huston 2006: 37).
As the sun set on Cedar Creek that Fall day in
1864 the full devastation brought by the battle,
both in lives lost and materiel, was immense. In
human terms alone, Union and Confederate losses
together totaled 8,900 causalities—men killed,
wounded, and missing (Noyalas 2009:74). But
even in the midst of such ruin, as the events of
the battle became relegated to memory and wo-
ven into historical narratives, and the battlefield
itself gradually melded back into the natural and
cultural landscape of the Valley over the course of
time and generations, secrets and stories remain
to be told. Cedar Creek Battlefield speaks to us
today through active research, preservation efforts,
and good stewardship, such as that undertaken at
Lord Fairfax Community College; that is perhaps
among its greatest legacies.
re C o M M e n d a t i o n S
Although results of the supplemental archaeo-
logical evaluation indicate that portions of Site
44FK0622 contain well preserved horizontal
integrity relating to spatial patterning of battle-
related artifacts, the results also indicate that the
portion of Site 44FK0622 that is located within
the proposed Student center Building project area
offers little if any additional research potential
beyond what has been documented by the cur-
rent study.
Specifically, given that the supplemental evalu-
ation involved complete systematic metal detector
survey of the project area, and the results indi-
cate a moderate-density scatter of battle-related
artifacts, it is considered unlikely that additional
study of the portion of the site within the project
area would provide new information beyond that
documented in the current study. The results of
test unit excavation indicate low potential for sub-
surface features associated within an encampment
within the project area, and the vertical integrity
reflected in site stratigraphy has been comprised
by post-occupational plowing and subsequent ero-
sion, reducing the potential for identifying intact
subsurface features that may have been associated
with an ephemeral encampment.
Given that no diagnostic prehistoric arti-
facts were recovered during the evaluation,
the minor prehistoric component of Site
44FK0622 possesses little additional research
potential. In the opinion of the consultant,
the research potential of the archaeological
resources within the project area is unlikely to
provide additional significant new information
that may address themes of Military/Defense
theme during the Civil War (1861–1865) or
themes of Settlement and Subsistence during
periods of prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley
of Virginia. Accordingly, the research potential
of the portion of Site 44FK0622 that is located
within the proposed Student Center Building
has been effectively exhausted with the comple-
tion of the current study, such that it does not
contribute to the eligibility of Site 44FK0622
for the NRHP under Criterion D; Criteria A–C
are considered not applicable.
40
41
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44
A-
Appendix A:
Artifact Inventory
A-
QuantityWeight(g)CommentRaw MaterialSubclass IIClass Subclass IProvenience6/17/2013Prehistoric Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 1 of 1WMCAR #12‐22MD 003Debitage Tertiary/Retouch Flake Noncortical Jasper1Provenience MD 003 Total: 1Provenience Total: 1TEST UNIT 1L IDebitage Angular Frag/Chunks Noncortical Jasper1Debitage Flake Frag/Shatter Noncortical Crystalline Quartz2Provenience L I Total: 3Provenience TEST UNIT 1 Total: 3TEST UNIT 2L IDebitage 2ndary/Thinning Flake Noncortical Gray Chert1Provenience L I Total: 1Provenience TEST UNIT 2 Total: 15Site Total:
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 1 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 001Misc. Hardware Washer Ferrous‐like, 1 1/2" diameter 1Provenience MD 001 Total : 1MD 002Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Metal Containers Can Ferrous2Provenience MD 002 Total : 3MD 004Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 004 Total : 1MD 005Misc. Material Pipe Ferrous ?, 13/16" diameter 1Provenience MD 005 Total : 1MD 006Misc. Hardware Staple Ferrous1Provenience MD 006 Total : 1MD 007Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .228 in., fired, dish cavity; post Civil War? .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 007 Total : 1MD 008Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 008 Total : 1MD 009Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous wrenched open chain link‐like 1Provenience MD 009 Total : 1MD 010Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 010 Total : 1MD 011Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Sabot ?, Reed‐Parrott copper alloy, indeterminate diameter, CSA1Provenience MD 011 Total : 1MD 012Nails Nail(s) Wrought flat head, roofing 1Provenience MD 012 Total : 1MD 013Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .567 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 013 Total : 1MD 014Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 014 Total : 1MD 015Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Hollow point .234 in., fired, dish cavity; post Civil War .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 015 Total : 1MD 016Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous chunk, shrapnel? 1Provenience MD 016 Total : 1MD 017Misc. Items Buckle/buckle part Ferrous 1 7/8" x 1 1/2", harness/accouterment 1Provenience MD 017 Total : 1MD 018Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 018 Total : 1MD 019Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., .54 cal.?, fired, conical cavity 1Provenience MD 019 Total : 1MD 020Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 020 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 2 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 021Misc. Material Sheet metal Metal indeterminate alloy; 20th c. 1Misc. Material Wire Ferrous coil1Currency Coin >1950 1968 Swiss 10 centimes, nickel‐plated copper 1Currency Coin >1950 1972 Lincoln penny 1Provenience MD 021 Total : 4MD 022Personal Items Eyeglass part Copper Alloynickel‐plated temple/frame hinge; late 19th/20th c.? 1Metal Containers Can Ferrous1Provenience MD 022 Total : 2MD 023Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron flat fragment1Provenience MD 023 Total : 1MD 024Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 024 Total : 1MD 025Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 025 Total : 1MD 026Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 026 Total : 1MD 027Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous approx. .440 in. 1Provenience MD 027 Total : 1MD 028Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous approx. .450 in. 1Provenience MD 028 Total : 1MD 029Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous approx. .434 in. 1Provenience MD 029 Total : 1MD 030Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous cap‐like, approx. 1 7/8" diameter 1Provenience MD 030 Total : 1MD 031Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 031 Total : 1MD 032Misc. Itemspolished quartz crystal 1Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous 7/8" square1Provenience MD 032 Total : 2MD 033Misc. Items Ferrous knife blade with tang‐like 1Provenience MD 033 Total : 1MD 034Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron chunk1Provenience MD 034 Total : 1MD 035Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 035 Total : 1MD 036Metal Cookingware Frying pan Cast iron ?1Provenience MD 036 Total : 1MD 037Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous round object fragment, approx. 1 1/8" diameter, 1/4" thickness1Provenience MD 037 Total : 1ST 85Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut2Provenience ST 85 Total : 2
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 3 of 38WMCAR #12‐22ST 88Misc. Material Limestone concretion 22.7Bone Unsorted bone Butchered, unspecified4Provenience ST 88 Total : 4Provenience Total : 49BLOCK AMD 044Nails Nail(s) Wrought ?1Provenience MD 044 Total : 1MD 045Misc. Hardware Washer Ferrous 1/2" diameter 1Provenience MD 045 Total : 1MD 046Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 046 Total : 1MD 047Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 047 Total : 1MD 048Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 048 Total : 1MD 049Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 049 Total : 1MD 050Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous approx. .683 in. 1Provenience MD 050 Total : 1MD 051Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 051 Total : 1MD 628Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 628 Total : 1MD 629Metal Containers Can Ferrous2Provenience MD 629 Total : 2Provenience BLOCK A Total : 11BLOCK AAMD 252Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 252 Total : 1MD 253Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 253 Total : 1MD 254Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Sharps .565 in., unfired, solid base .56 cal. 1Provenience MD 254 Total : 1MD 255Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .225 in., fired, dish cavity .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 255 Total : 1MD 256Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 256 Total : 1MD 257Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .572 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 257 Total : 1MD 258Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous spool‐like, 7/8" length, 3/8" head diameter, 1/4" base diameter1Provenience MD 258 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 4 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 259Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 259 Total : 1MD 260Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove approx. .542 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 260 Total : 1MD 270Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .742 in.1Provenience MD 270 Total : 1MD 607Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 607 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AA Total : 11BLOCK ABMD 279Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 279 Total : 1MD 280Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 280 Total : 1MD 281Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 281 Total : 1MD 282Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 282 Total : 1MD 283Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .540 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 283 Total : 1MD 284Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 284 Total : 1MD 285Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 285 Total : 1MD 286Misc. Hardware Ring Ferrous 1" diameter, 1/2" width 1Provenience MD 286 Total : 1MD 287Stable/Barn Horseshoe nail Wrought1Provenience MD 287 Total : 1MD 566Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 566 Total : 1MD 567Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 567 Total : 1MD 568Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 568 Total : 1MD 569Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 569 Total : 1MD 570Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .550 in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 570 Total : 1MD 571Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 571 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 5 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 572Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 572 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AB Total : 16BLOCK ACMD 244Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 244 Total : 1MD 245Misc. Hardware Staple Ferrous1Provenience MD 245 Total : 1MD 246Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous1Provenience MD 246 Total : 1MD 247Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .565 in., unfired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 247 Total : 1MD 248Misc. Material Wire Ferrous2Provenience MD 248 Total : 2MD 249Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous hex, 7/16" width 1Provenience MD 249 Total : 1MD 250Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 250 Total : 1MD 251Nails Nail(s) Cut headless finish 1Provenience MD 251 Total : 1MD 265Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 265 Total : 1MD 266Ammunition/Artillery Round ball Lead indeterminate in., fired, .44 cal.? 1Provenience MD 266 Total : 1MD 267Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 267 Total : 1MD 268Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .683 in.1Provenience MD 268 Total : 1MD 269Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 269 Total : 1MD 271Misc. Hardware Rivet Copper Alloy1Provenience MD 271 Total : 1MD 272Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 272 Total : 1MD 273Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous1Provenience MD 273 Total : 1MD 573Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous hinge/strapping 1Provenience MD 573 Total : 1MD 574Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 574 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 6 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 575Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 575 Total : 1MD 576Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous tapering width of 9/16" to 7/16" 1Provenience MD 576 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AC Total : 21BLOCK ADMD 538Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 538 Total : 1MD 539Misc. Items Unidentified Metal bronze(?), 2 1/4" x 1 1/4" x 7/16" with 1 5/16" length geared ferrous arm, marked "4 X/1"; post Civil War1Provenience MD 539 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AD Total : 2BLOCK AFMD 086Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 086 Total : 1MD 087Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous nail fragment‐like 1Provenience MD 087 Total : 1MD 088Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron flat fragment1Provenience MD 088 Total : 1MD 089Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous nail fragment‐like 1Provenience MD 089 Total : 1MD 095Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .561 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 095 Total : 1MD 096Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 096 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AF Total : 6BLOCK AGMD 102Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 102 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AG Total : 1BLOCK AHMD 090Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 090 Total : 1MD 091Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 091 Total : 1MD 092Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 092 Total : 1MD 093Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 093 Total : 1MD 094Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .568 in., unfired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 094 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 7 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 097Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 097 Total : 1MD 098Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 098 Total : 2Provenience BLOCK AH Total : 8BLOCK AIMD 261Misc. Material Wire Ferrous2Provenience MD 261 Total : 2MD 262Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 262 Total : 1MD 263Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .567 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 263 Total : 1MD 264Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .571 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 264 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AI Total : 5BLOCK AJMD 241Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous bar/strapping (1 5/16" wide, 1/2" thick) with 7/16" diameter threaded attachment hole1Provenience MD 241 Total : 1MD 243Nails Nail(s) Wrought 1" diameter head 1Provenience MD 243 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AJ Total : 2BLOCK AKMD 199Misc. Items Unidentified Cast iron pipe‐like fragment 1Provenience MD 199 Total : 1MD 200Metal Containers Can Ferrous19Provenience MD 200 Total : 19MD 201Metal Containers Can Ferrous1Provenience MD 201 Total : 1MD 202Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 202 Total : 1MD 203Misc. Hardware Hook Ferrous 6 1/8" length1Provenience MD 203 Total : 1MD 242Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 242 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AK Total : 24BLOCK ALMD 478Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 478 Total : 1MD 479Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 479 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 8 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 480Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 480 Total : 1MD 481Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 481 Total : 1MD 482Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, "GILT" backmark, 3/4" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 482 Total : 1MD 483Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous flat disc, 15/16" diameter, 1/16" thickness 1Provenience MD 483 Total : 1MD 484Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous threaded1Provenience MD 484 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AL Total : 7BLOCK AMMD 485Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous 7/8" square1Provenience MD 485 Total : 1MD 486Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 486 Total : 1MD 487Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .557 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 487 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AM Total : 3BLOCK ANMD 540Stable/Barn Bridle bit Ferrous jointed mouth curb bit 1Provenience MD 540 Total : 1MD 541Nails Nail(s) Cut1Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Zinc .554 in., Williams cleaner disk and plunger 1Provenience MD 541 Total : 2MD 543Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 543 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AN Total : 4BLOCK AOMD 332Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 332 Total : 1MD 333Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 333 Total : 1MD 334Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 334 Total : 1MD 335Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.13 in.1Provenience MD 335 Total : 1MD 336Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 336 Total : 1MD 337Personal Items Pocket knife Ferrous handle?1Provenience MD 337 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 9 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 338Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 338 Total : 1MD 339Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 339 Total : 1MD 340Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous thin, narrow (<1/2") strip 1Provenience MD 340 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AO Total : 9BLOCK APMD 299Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired; smashed, curled edges .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 299 Total : 1MD 300Misc. Items Ring Ferrous 2 1/8" diameter, 1 3/8" length; 7/8" center hole, coupling/hitch component; post Civil War1Provenience MD 300 Total : 1MD 301Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 301 Total : 1MD 302Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 302 Total : 1MD 303Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous wrought, tang‐like with attachment head, 5 5/8" length1Provenience MD 303 Total : 1MD 304Nails Nail(s) Wire1Provenience MD 304 Total : 1MD 305Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 305 Total : 1MD 306Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Zinc .556 in., Williams cleaner disk and plunger .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 306 Total : 2MD 307Apparel Heel plate Ferrous2Provenience MD 307 Total : 2MD 308Nails Nail(s) Cut1Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 308 Total : 2MD 309Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 309 Total : 1MD 310Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 310 Total : 1MD 625Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 625 Total : 1MD 627Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 627 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AP Total : 17BLOCK AQ
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 10 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 296Door and Window Hardware Key Ferrous 1 key in fragments, 3 1/8" length 2Provenience MD 296 Total : 2MD 297Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 297 Total : 1MD 617Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 3/8" width1Provenience MD 617 Total : 1MD 618Misc. Items Strapping Ferrous hasp‐like, 1 1/2" width 1Provenience MD 618 Total : 1MD 619Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous1Provenience MD 619 Total : 1MD 620Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous welded joint of two strips, overall dimensions 1/2" x 3/4"1Provenience MD 620 Total : 1MD 621Misc. Material Strapping Copper Alloy3/8" width, 1/16" diameter attachment hole 1Provenience MD 621 Total : 1MD 622Misc. Material Scrap metal Copper Alloy2Provenience MD 622 Total : 2MD 623Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 623 Total : 1MD 624Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous misc. flat fragment 1Provenience MD 624 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AQ Total : 12BLOCK ARMD 274Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 274 Total : 1MD 275Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 275 Total : 1MD 276Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous wrenched open, approx. 2" length 1Provenience MD 276 Total : 1MD 277Misc. Material Scrap metal Zinc1Provenience MD 277 Total : 1MD 278Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 278 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AR Total : 5BLOCK ASMD 366Misc. Items Handles/pulls Ferrous box/chest?, bail; 3 3/8" x 2" 1Provenience MD 366 Total : 1MD 367Utensils Fork 2‐pronged ferrous, with tang 1Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 367 Total : 2MD 403Ceramic Cooking/Storage Unidentified Coarse Earthenware orange body, brown glaze; 19th c. 1Provenience MD 403 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 11 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 404Fishing Weight Lead1Provenience MD 404 Total : 1MD 405Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 405 Total : 1MD 406Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous bar/bolt/pin‐like, 1/2" diameter 1Provenience MD 406 Total : 1MD 407Misc. Material Bar Copper Alloy3/16" diameter 1Provenience MD 407 Total : 1MD 408Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous wrenched open, approx. 2" x 1 1/4" 1Provenience MD 408 Total : 1MD 417Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .565 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 417 Total : 1MD 418Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, worn surfaces, 13/16" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 418 Total : 1MD 608Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 3/16" width1Provenience MD 608 Total : 1MD 609Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 609 Total : 1MD 610Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 610 Total : 1MD 611Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .693 in.1Provenience MD 611 Total : 1MD 612Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Sporting Rifle Sharps .500 in., unfired, machine‐made punch mark in base .44 cal. 1Provenience MD 612 Total : 1MD 613Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 613 Total : 1MD 614Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 614 Total : 1MD 615Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 615 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AS Total : 19BLOCK ATMD 204Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 204 Total : 1MD 205Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 205 Total : 1MD 206Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 206 Total : 1MD 207Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 207 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 12 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 208Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 208 Total : 1MD 209Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous wire/chain link fragment 1Provenience MD 209 Total : 1MD 210Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 210 Total : 1MD 211Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 211 Total : 1MD 212Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .673 in.1Provenience MD 212 Total : 1MD 213Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 213 Total : 1MD 214Lighting Devices Oil lamp burner Copper Alloycomponent?1Provenience MD 214 Total : 1MD 215Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate object fragment, curved bar, 3/16" width1Provenience MD 215 Total : 1MD 216Misc. Items Unidentified Lead alloyindeterminate object fragment with slide housing; post Civil War1Provenience MD 216 Total : 1MD 217Stable/Barn Horseshoe nail Wrought ?1Provenience MD 217 Total : 1MD 218Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 5/16" width1Provenience MD 218 Total : 1MD 219Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 219 Total : 1MD 220Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous hex1Provenience MD 220 Total : 1MD 221Stable/Barn Horseshoe nail Wrought ?1Provenience MD 221 Total : 1MD 222Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .250 in., fired, dish cavity .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 222 Total : 1MD 554Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous shank‐like, wrought 1Provenience MD 554 Total : 1MD 555Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 555 Total : 1MD 556Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 556 Total : 1MD 557Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous pleated clasp/buckle‐like, with attachment prongs/teeth; 1 3/4" length, 3/4" maximum width; post Civil War?1Provenience MD 557 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 13 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 558Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 558 Total : 1MD 593Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 593 Total : 1MD 594Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 594 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AT Total : 26BLOCK AUMD 223Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous shell fuse channel or misc. threaded hardware? 1Provenience MD 223 Total : 1MD 224Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 224 Total : 1MD 225Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 225 Total : 1MD 226Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought ?1Provenience MD 226 Total : 1MD 227Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous misc. flat fragment, 1/8" width 1Provenience MD 227 Total : 1MD 228Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .605 in.1Provenience MD 228 Total : 1MD 229Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous 7 1/4" length1Provenience MD 229 Total : 1MD 230Agriculture/Horticulture Barbed wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 230 Total : 1MD 231Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate circular fragment 1Provenience MD 231 Total : 1MD 232Misc. Hardware Handles/pulls Ferrous with soft rubber gasket, 1 1/4" diameter 1Provenience MD 232 Total : 1MD 233Misc. Items Unidentified Lead alloyplug‐like, 3/8" diameter 1Provenience MD 233 Total : 1MD 234Misc. Items Unidentified Metal indeterminate alloy, leaded?, tapered 7/16" to 3/16", oval in section; 1 9/16" incomplete length1Provenience MD 234 Total : 1MD 235Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous 3" x 15/16"1Provenience MD 235 Total : 1MD 595Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .573 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 595 Total : 1MD 596Nails Nail(s) Wrought roofing1Provenience MD 596 Total : 1MD 597Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 597 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AU Total : 16
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 14 of 38WMCAR #12‐22BLOCK AVMD 349Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 349 Total : 1MD 350Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous1Provenience MD 350 Total : 1MD 351Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous flat fragment1Provenience MD 351 Total : 1MD 352Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 352 Total : 1MD 353Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 353 Total : 1MD 354Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Indeterminate approx. .58 in., fired, shallow dish cavity, no grooves/rings, approx. .70 in. length.58 cal. 1Provenience MD 354 Total : 1MD 355Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 355 Total : 1MD 383Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 383 Total : 1MD 384Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 384 Total : 1MD 385Misc. Material Wire Ferrous2Provenience MD 385 Total : 2MD 386Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous fragment1Provenience MD 386 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AV Total : 12BLOCK AWMD 387Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous misc. flat fragment 1Ceramic Cooking/Storage Hollowware Coarse Earthenware orange body, black glaze, mend; 19th c. Rim 2Provenience MD 387 Total : 3MD 388Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .555 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 388 Total : 1MD 389Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, worn surfaces, 11/16" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 389 Total : 1MD 390Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .544 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 390 Total : 1MD 391Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 391 Total : 1MD 392Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous horseshoe fragment‐like 1Provenience MD 392 Total : 1MD 393Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 393 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 15 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 394Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, 5/8" diameter; 1st half 19th c. 1Provenience MD 394 Total : 1MD 395Misc. Materialbadly eroded calcareous concretion (coral/limestone)6.4Misc. Items Buckle/buckle part Ferrous harness/accouterment, 1 3/8" x 1 1/4" 1Provenience MD 395 Total : 1MD 396Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 396 Total : 1MD 397Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 397 Total : 1MD 398Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous with bolt, 1" square 1Provenience MD 398 Total : 1MD 399Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous fishing weight‐like, 1 13/16" length 1Provenience MD 399 Total : 1MD 400Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous 9/16" square1Provenience MD 400 Total : 1MD 401Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 401 Total : 1MD 402Ammunition/Artillery Cartridge case Rim fire US headstamp, United States Cartridge Co., founded 1869.22 cal. 1Provenience MD 402 Total : 1MD 419Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous misc. flat fragment 1Provenience MD 419 Total : 1MD 420Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 420 Total : 1MD 421Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 421 Total : 1MD 422Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate object fragment, casing‐like for ferrous object, approx. 7/8" width1Provenience MD 422 Total : 1MD 637Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 637 Total : 1MD 638Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 638 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AW Total : 24BLOCK AXMD 368Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous fragment?1Provenience MD 368 Total : 1MD 369Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .545 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 369 Total : 1MD 370Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 370 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 16 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 371Nails Nail(s) Cut L‐head finish1Provenience MD 371 Total : 1MD 372Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner indeterminate in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 372 Total : 1MD 373Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 373 Total : 1MD 374Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .30 in., fired, dish cavity; post Civil War? .28 cal. 1Provenience MD 374 Total : 1MD 375Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 375 Total : 1MD 376Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .563 in., fired, truncated conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 376 Total : 1MD 377Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 377 Total : 2MD 378Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 378 Total : 1MD 379Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.23 in.1Provenience MD 379 Total : 1MD 380Misc. Hardware Bar Ferrous threaded, bolt/turnbuckle‐like 1Provenience MD 380 Total : 1MD 381Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 381 Total : 1MD 382Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 382 Total : 1MD 634Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous misc. flat fragment 1Provenience MD 634 Total : 1MD 635Stable/Barn Horseshoe nail Wrought1Provenience MD 635 Total : 1MD 636Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, worn surfaces, illegible backmark, 3/4" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 636 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AX Total : 19BLOCK AYMD 341Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Ferrous1Provenience MD 341 Total : 1MD 342Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous coupling‐like, 4 3/8" x 2 1/8" 1Provenience MD 342 Total : 1MD 343Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.24 in.1Provenience MD 343 Total : 1MD 344Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 344 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 17 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 345Misc. Hardware Washer Ferrous 1" diameter1Provenience MD 345 Total : 1MD 346Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 346 Total : 1MD 347Nails Nail(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 347 Total : 1MD 348Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc, broken eye, worn surfaces, 1/2" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 348 Total : 1MD 356Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate object fragment, housing‐like 1Provenience MD 356 Total : 1MD 357Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Ferrous1Provenience MD 357 Total : 1MD 358Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous fitting/coupling‐like, mends to MD 362 1Provenience MD 358 Total : 1MD 359Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 359 Total : 1MD 360Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous with washers and nut 1Provenience MD 360 Total : 1MD 361Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous with nut attached to two approx. 3 1/4" x 1 1/4" corrugated iron strapping (same as MD 365)1Provenience MD 361 Total : 1MD 362Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous fitting/coupling, mends to MD 358 1Provenience MD 362 Total : 1MD 363Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous fitting/coupling (shrapnel?) 1Provenience MD 363 Total : 1MD 364Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous ?1Provenience MD 364 Total : 1MD 365Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous notched, corrugated, same as on MD 361 bolt 1Provenience MD 365 Total : 1MD 631Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous fitting/coupling (shrapnel?) 1Provenience MD 631 Total : 1MD 632Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 632 Total : 1MD 633Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .567 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 633 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AY Total : 21BLOCK AZMD 311Misc. Itemsquartz crystal 1Ammunition/Artillery Round ball Lead .650 in., unfired .69 cal. 1Provenience MD 311 Total : 2
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 18 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 312Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous flanged collar‐like with two attachment holes, 4 1/4" x 3 3/4"1Provenience MD 312 Total : 1MD 313Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous lid‐like, 3 3/8" diameter, 1/4" height 1Provenience MD 313 Total : 1MD 314Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous pipe‐like, lengthwise threading (shrapnel?) 1Provenience MD 314 Total : 1MD 315Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 315 Total : 1MD 316Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 316 Total : 1MD 317Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .559 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 317 Total : 1MD 318Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 318 Total : 2MD 319Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .575 in., unfired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 319 Total : 1MD 320Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .567 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 320 Total : 1MD 321Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 321 Total : 1MD 322Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 322 Total : 1MD 323Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous hinge/strapping, 1 1/4" width, 3/16" thickness 1Provenience MD 323 Total : 1MD 324Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 324 Total : 1MD 325Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 325 Total : 1MD 326Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 1 5/8" width, 1/4" thickness 1Provenience MD 326 Total : 1MD 327Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 327 Total : 1MD 328Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Spherical ?1Provenience MD 328 Total : 1MD 329Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous1Provenience MD 329 Total : 1MD 330Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous1Provenience MD 330 Total : 1MD 331Misc. Hardware Ring Copper Alloyfragment, approx. 1" diameter 1Provenience MD 331 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 19 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 630Stable/Barn Horseshoe nail Wrought1Provenience MD 630 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK AZ Total : 24BLOCK BMD 038Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .222 in., fired, dish cavity; post Civil War? .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 038 Total : 1MD 039Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 039 Total : 1MD 040Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous with bolt, 7/8" square 1Provenience MD 040 Total : 1MD 041Misc. Material Wire Ferrous40Provenience MD 041 Total : 40MD 042Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 042 Total : 1MD 043Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous hook/coupling‐like 1Provenience MD 043 Total : 1MD 639Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 639 Total : 1MD 640Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, plug cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 640 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK B Total : 47BLOCK BAMD 488Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 488 Total : 1MD 489Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .547 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 489 Total : 1MD 490Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 490 Total : 1MD 491Misc. Material Bar Ferrous or bolt?1Provenience MD 491 Total : 1MD 494Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 494 Total : 1MD 590Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .716 in.1Provenience MD 590 Total : 1MD 591Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 591 Total : 1MD 592Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 592 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BA Total : 8BLOCK BB
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 20 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 492Currency Coin 1920‐1929 1920 (?) Lincoln penny 1Provenience MD 492 Total : 1MD 493Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 493 Total : 1MD 512Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous bail handle/chain link‐like, same as MD 587 1Provenience MD 512 Total : 1MD 513Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 513 Total : 1MD 587Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous bail handle/chain link‐like, same as MD 512 1Provenience MD 587 Total : 1MD 588Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 588 Total : 1MD 589Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner indeterminate in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 589 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BB Total : 7BLOCK BCMD 432Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 432 Total : 1MD 433Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 433 Total : 1MD 434Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 434 Total : 1MD 435Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner approx. .543 in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 435 Total : 1MD 654Misc. Items Unidentified Cast iron indeterminate object fragment, housing‐like, 3 3/8" x 1"1Provenience MD 654 Total : 1MD 655Misc. Hardware Hook Ferrous 4 15/16" x 1 1/2" 1Provenience MD 655 Total : 1MD 656Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 656 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BC Total : 7BLOCK BDMD 452Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut burned1Provenience MD 452 Total : 1MD 453Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine 3 groove Merrill .555 in., fired .54 cal. 1Provenience MD 453 Total : 1MD 454Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 454 Total : 1MD 455Metal Cookingware Unidentified Cast iron leg1Provenience MD 455 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 21 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 456Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 456 Total : 1MD 457Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .569 in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 457 Total : 1MD 458Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, worn surfaces, 15/16" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 458 Total : 1MD 459Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 459 Total : 1MD 460Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .571 in., unfired, side cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 460 Total : 1MD 461Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, worn surfaces, 1" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 461 Total : 1MD 653Hand/Maintenance Tools Draw knife Ferrous‐like, handle tang 1Provenience MD 653 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BD Total : 11BLOCK BEMD 436Nails Nail(s) Wrought headless finish? 1Provenience MD 436 Total : 1MD 437Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .731 in.1Provenience MD 437 Total : 1MD 438Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous1Provenience MD 438 Total : 1MD 439Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 439 Total : 1MD 440Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .545 in., unfired, small conical cavity .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 440 Total : 1MD 441Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Sporting Rifle Sharps .518 in., unfired, machine‐made punch mark in base .44 cal. 1Provenience MD 441 Total : 1MD 442Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 442 Total : 1MD 443Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 443 Total : 1MD 444Ammunition/Artillery Cartridge case Rim fire .638 basal in., copper alloy, 7/8" length 1Provenience MD 444 Total : 1MD 650Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 650 Total : 1MD 651Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 651 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BE Total : 11BLOCK BF
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 22 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 445Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Indeterminate .550 in., fired, indeterminate type Williams cleaner .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 445 Total : 1MD 446Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 446 Total : 1MD 447Nails Nail(s) Wrought roofing?1Provenience MD 447 Total : 1MD 448Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .683 in.1Provenience MD 448 Total : 1MD 449Misc. Material Bar Ferrous1Provenience MD 449 Total : 1MD 450Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 450 Total : 1MD 451Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous casing‐like, 1" length, 7/16" diameter; with copper alloy wires1Provenience MD 451 Total : 1MD 649Misc. Hardware Staple Ferrous 1" x 2"1Provenience MD 649 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BF Total : 8BLOCK BGMD 424Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 424 Total : 1MD 425Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 425 Total : 1MD 426Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 426 Total : 1MD 427Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Hollow point .227 in., fired, dish cavity; post Civil War .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 427 Total : 1MD 428Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 428 Total : 1MD 429Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 429 Total : 1MD 430Nails Nail(s) Wrought headless finish? 1Provenience MD 430 Total : 1MD 431Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 431 Total : 1MD 643Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 643 Total : 1MD 644Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 644 Total : 1MD 645Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 3/4" width1Provenience MD 645 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 23 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 646Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous 3/4" width1Provenience MD 646 Total : 1MD 647Firearm Musket nipple Ferrous1Provenience MD 647 Total : 1MD 652Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 652 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BG Total : 14BLOCK BHMD 462Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous hook/D‐ring fragment? 1Provenience MD 462 Total : 1MD 463Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 463 Total : 1MD 464Metal Containers Can Ferrous1Provenience MD 464 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BH Total : 3BLOCK BIMD 468Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .537 in., unfired, machine‐made punch mark in base .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 468 Total : 1MD 469Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 2 groove .571 in., unfired, Williams cleaner Type III .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 469 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BI Total : 2BLOCK BJMD 471Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 471 Total : 1MD 472Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove rifle musketoon, indeterminate in., flattened base, unfired, deep plug cavity, Frankford Arsenal?.69 cal. 1Provenience MD 472 Total : 1MD 473Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove rifle musketoon, indeterminate in., distorted base, unfired, deep plug cavity, Frankford Arsenal?.69 cal. 1Provenience MD 473 Total : 1MD 474Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 474 Total : 1MD 475Ammunition/Artillery Cartridge case Rim fire .644 in. basal diameter, 7/8" length 1Provenience MD 475 Total : 1MD 476Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .540 in., unfired, small conical cavity .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 476 Total : 1MD 477Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .632 in.1Provenience MD 477 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BJ Total : 7BLOCK BKMD 470Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .536 in., unfired, small conical cavity .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 470 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 24 of 38WMCAR #12‐22Provenience BLOCK BK Total : 1BLOCK BLMD 465Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Enfield indeterminate in., fired, deep plug cavity .577 cal. 1Provenience MD 465 Total : 1MD 466Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous fragment1Provenience MD 466 Total : 1MD 467Pharmaceutical Containers Bottle Machine made rubber stopper, aluminum cap, 1 1/4" diameter, 2 1/8" heightColorless 1Provenience MD 467 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BL Total : 3BLOCK BNMD 413Misc. Material Band Ferrous 1/8" width2Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Misc. Hardware Washer Ferrous 2 1/2" diameter 1Provenience MD 413 Total : 4MD 414Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, smashed .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 414 Total : 1MD 415Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous indeterminate object fragment 1Provenience MD 415 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BN Total : 6BLOCK BOMD 409Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous indeterminate object fragment 1Provenience MD 409 Total : 1MD 410Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 410 Total : 1MD 411Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 411 Total : 1MD 412Misc. Material Wire Ferrous3Provenience MD 412 Total : 3MD 416Misc. Hardware Washer Ferrous 2 1/2" diameter 1Provenience MD 416 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BO Total : 7BLOCK BPMD 516Misc. Items Unidentified Wrought nail fragment‐like 1Provenience MD 516 Total : 1MD 517Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous1Provenience MD 517 Total : 1MD 518Other Fasteners Spike Wrought1Provenience MD 518 Total : 1MD 519Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 519 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 25 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 520Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .564 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 520 Total : 1MD 521Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.21 in.1Provenience MD 521 Total : 1MD 522Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 522 Total : 1MD 523Misc. Hardware Hook Ferrous harness/rigging, 3 1/8" length, 1 7/16" maximum width1Provenience MD 523 Total : 1MD 524Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 524 Total : 1MD 525Metal Containers Can Ferrous1Provenience MD 525 Total : 1MD 526Ceramic Cooking/Storage Unidentified Coarse Earthenware orange body, brown glaze, mend; 19th c. 3Provenience MD 526 Total : 3Provenience BLOCK BP Total : 13BLOCK BQMD 495Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .718 in.1Provenience MD 495 Total : 1MD 496Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 496 Total : 1MD 497Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron misc. indeterminate fragment 1Provenience MD 497 Total : 1MD 498Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 498 Total : 1MD 499Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .746 in.1Provenience MD 499 Total : 1MD 500Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 500 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BQ Total : 6BLOCK BRMD 527Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .545 in., unfired, small conical cavity .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 527 Total : 1MD 528Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 528 Total : 1MD 529Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 529 Total : 1MD 530Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 530 Total : 1MD 531Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate object fragment, buckle/nail‐like 1Provenience MD 531 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 26 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 532Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron indeterminate flat object fragment, 1/2" thickness 1Provenience MD 532 Total : 1MD 533Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .537 in., unfired, small conical cavity .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 533 Total : 1MD 534Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 534 Total : 1MD 535Nails Nail(s) Wrought headless finish? 1Provenience MD 535 Total : 1MD 536Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous hinge/strapping, 1 5/8" width, 1/4" thickness 1Provenience MD 536 Total : 1MD 537Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous fragment1Provenience MD 537 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BR Total : 11BLOCK BSMD 501Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 501 Total : 1MD 502Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron indeterminate object fragment 1Provenience MD 502 Total : 1MD 503Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate hardware, hook/buckle/bit‐like etc.? 1Provenience MD 503 Total : 1MD 514Misc. Items Unidentified Cast iron chunk, 1" x 15/16" x 5/8" 1Provenience MD 514 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BS Total : 4BLOCK BTMD 507Misc. Hardware Hinge Ferrous box/chest?1Provenience MD 507 Total : 1MD 508Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 508 Total : 1MD 509Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous 2 1/2" length tang with 1" wide tool(?)/etc. shank 1Provenience MD 509 Total : 1MD 510Nails Nail(s) Wrought L‐head finish1Provenience MD 510 Total : 1MD 511Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 511 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BT Total : 5BLOCK BUMD 504Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, smashed .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 504 Total : 1MD 505Misc. Hardware Chain Ferrous 7 1/4" total length; 2‐1 11/16" diameter links, 1‐2 1/4" x 1" link, 3‐3 3/8" x 1/2" links1Provenience MD 505 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 27 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 506Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous indeterminate object fragment with attachment hole1Provenience MD 506 Total : 1MD 515Metal Containers Can Ferrous lid/base, 2 5/8" diameter 1Provenience MD 515 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BU Total : 4BLOCK BVMD 548Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove approx. .578 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 548 Total : 1MD 549Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 549 Total : 1MD 550Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 550 Total : 1MD 551Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical 6 1/4" long fragment with fuse channel 1Provenience MD 551 Total : 1MD 552Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 552 Total : 1MD 553Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 553 Total : 1MD 626Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 626 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BV Total : 7BLOCK BWMD 544Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 544 Total : 1MD 545Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 545 Total : 1MD 546Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove approx. .573 in., fired, deep plug cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 546 Total : 1MD 547Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .579 in., fired, two ring .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 547 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK BW Total : 4BLOCK CMD 616Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 616 Total : 1MD 641Ammunition/Artillery Case shot Ferrous .779 in.1Provenience MD 641 Total : 1MD 642Misc. Material Wire Ferrous5Provenience MD 642 Total : 5MD 648Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 648 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK C Total : 8
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 28 of 38WMCAR #12‐22BLOCK FMD 101Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 101 Total : 1MD 103Misc. Items Wire Ferrous suggestive of food can key 1Provenience MD 103 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK F Total : 2BLOCK GMD 196Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 196 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK G Total : 1BLOCK HMD 121Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 121 Total : 1MD 122Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 2 groove .555 in., fired, plunger cavity, Williams cleaner Type III?.58 cal. 1Provenience MD 122 Total : 1MD 123Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 123 Total : 1MD 124Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 124 Total : 1MD 125Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 125 Total : 1MD 126Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Ceramic Tableware Unidentified Whiteware burned/second quality 1Provenience MD 126 Total : 2MD 127Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 127 Total : 1MD 128Misc. Hardware Grommet Aluminum1Provenience MD 128 Total : 1MD 129Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 129 Total : 2MD 130Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 130 Total : 1MD 131Fasteners Button Copper Alloyflat disc with eye, surface too corroded to id possible backmark, 13/16" diameter; 1st half 19th c.1Provenience MD 131 Total : 1MD 140Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Carbine Sharps .543 in., unfired, machine‐made punch mark in base .52 cal. 1Provenience MD 140 Total : 1MD 141Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Indeterminate indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity, .54 RM or .577 Enfield1Provenience MD 141 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 29 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 142Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 142 Total : 1MD 143Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 143 Total : 1MD 144Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 144 Total : 1MD 145Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 145 Total : 1MD 146Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 146 Total : 1MD 559Stable/Barn Bridle bit Ferrous jointed mouth curb bit 1Provenience MD 559 Total : 1MD 560Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous chunk1Provenience MD 560 Total : 1MD 561Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 561 Total : 1MD 562Misc. Items Unidentified Cast iron flat1Provenience MD 562 Total : 1MD 563Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 563 Total : 1MD 564Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 564 Total : 1MD 565Misc. Hardware Chain Ferrous 8 1/2" total length, 5/8" links with 1" S‐hook 1Provenience MD 565 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK H Total : 27BLOCK IMD 110Misc. Items Staple Wrought ?, iron, folded into 2" x 1 3/4" x 2" triangle 1Provenience MD 110 Total : 1MD 111Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 111 Total : 1MD 112Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous half1Provenience MD 112 Total : 1MD 113Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous tapered in section 2Provenience MD 113 Total : 2MD 115Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 115 Total : 1MD 116Personal Items Watch part Copper Alloyplated T‐bar with chain section 1Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous with steel center, magnet‐like, 5/16" diameter 1Misc. Ceramics/Glass Bottle Colorless glass p. 19611Provenience MD 116 Total : 3MD 117Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 117 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 30 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 118Misc. Items Unidentified Wrought nail‐like1Provenience MD 118 Total : 1MD 119Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Conical .441 in., fired?, Colt? .44 cal. 1Provenience MD 119 Total : 1MD 120Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 120 Total : 1MD 602Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.22 in.1Provenience MD 602 Total : 1MD 603Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .535 in., unfired, nose cast?, deep conical cavity .54 cal. 1Provenience MD 603 Total : 1MD 604Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 604 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK I Total : 16BLOCK JMD 132Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous hook/staple1Provenience MD 132 Total : 1MD 133Misc. Hardware Ring Ferrous approx. 1 1/2" diameter, 1/2" width 1Provenience MD 133 Total : 1MD 134Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 134 Total : 1MD 135Misc. Hardware Staple Ferrous1Provenience MD 135 Total : 1MD 136Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Hollow point .22 in., fired; post Civil War 1Provenience MD 136 Total : 1MD 137Misc. Items Tack Wrought iron1Provenience MD 137 Total : 1MD 138Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 138 Total : 1MD 586Misc. Material Unidentified Cast iron curved, kettle‐like 1Provenience MD 586 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK J Total : 8BLOCK KMD 052Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 052 Total : 1MD 053Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 053 Total : 1MD 054Misc. Hardware Unidentified Ferrous bar/bolt fragment 1Provenience MD 054 Total : 1MD 055Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 055 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 31 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 056Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 056 Total : 1MD 057Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 057 Total : 1MD 058Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Round nose indeterminate in., fired, deep unmarked plug cavity, .54 RM or .577 Enfield1Provenience MD 058 Total : 1MD 059Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, truncated conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 059 Total : 1MD 060Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., unfired, Custer machine 5‐spoke conical cavity, Northern manufacture.58 cal. 1Provenience MD 060 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK K Total : 9BLOCK LMD 061Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 061 Total : 1MD 062Misc. Material Strapping Ferrous1Provenience MD 062 Total : 1MD 063Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous buckle‐like fragments, some mend 6Provenience MD 063 Total : 6MD 064Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Indeterminate indeterminate in., base missing, unfired, plunger cavity, Williams cleaner Type II/III.58 cal. 1Provenience MD 064 Total : 1MD 065Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous indeterminate round object fragment 1Provenience MD 065 Total : 1MD 066Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 066 Total : 1MD 067Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 067 Total : 1MD 068Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous1Provenience MD 068 Total : 1MD 069Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Indeterminate .221 in., fired, dish cavity .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 069 Total : 1MD 070Nails Nail(s) Cut1Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .569 in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 070 Total : 2Provenience BLOCK L Total : 16BLOCK NMD 074Nails Nail(s) Cut1Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 074 Total : 2
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 32 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 075Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Round nose indeterminate in., fired, deep unmarked plug cavity, .54 RM or .577 Enfield1Provenience MD 075 Total : 1MD 076Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 076 Total : 1MD 077Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 077 Total : 1MD 078Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .554 in., unfired, deep plug cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 078 Total : 1MD 079Nails Nail(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 079 Total : 1MD 080Misc. Hardware Chain link Ferrous1Provenience MD 080 Total : 1MD 099Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner indeterminate in., fired, flattened .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 099 Total : 1MD 100Misc. Material Wire Ferrous2Provenience MD 100 Total : 2MD 107Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 107 Total : 1MD 108Misc. Items Buckle/buckle part Ferrous fragment1Provenience MD 108 Total : 1MD 109Misc. Items Plate Ferrous triangular, 4" x 4" x 5 3/4", 1/8" thickness 1Provenience MD 109 Total : 1MD 152Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.12 in.1Provenience MD 152 Total : 1MD 153Nails Nail(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 153 Total : 1MD 154Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 154 Total : 1MD 155Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 155 Total : 1MD 156Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 156 Total : 1MD 157Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 157 Total : 1MD 158Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 158 Total : 1MD 159Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .225 in., fired, dish cavity .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 159 Total : 1MD 160Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., faint grooves, conical cavity, fired?, probably .54 cal.1Provenience MD 160 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 33 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 161Nails Nail(s) Cut headless finish 1Provenience MD 161 Total : 1MD 162Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity, .54 cal? 1Provenience MD 162 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK N Total : 25BLOCK OMD 104Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 104 Total : 1MD 105Misc. Material Wire Ferrous2Provenience MD 105 Total : 2Provenience BLOCK O Total : 3BLOCK PMD 106Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .555 in., unfired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 106 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK P Total : 1BLOCK QMD 114Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 114 Total : 1MD 605Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous1Provenience MD 605 Total : 1MD 606Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Round nose .226 in., unfired, dish cavity .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 606 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK Q Total : 3BLOCK RMD 147Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 147 Total : 1MD 148Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought ?1Provenience MD 148 Total : 1MD 151Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove approx. .555 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 151 Total : 1MD 165Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 165 Total : 1MD 166Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 166 Total : 2MD 167Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 167 Total : 1MD 168Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 168 Total : 1MD 169Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 169 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 34 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 170Fasteners Button Copper Alloysheet metal face; family crest/coat of arms(?), lined field with rampant beast above a rampant beast shield above a banner/garland, 9/16" diameter; 19th c.1Provenience MD 170 Total : 1MD 577Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous cut nail‐like fragment 1Provenience MD 577 Total : 1MD 578Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 578 Total : 1MD 579Pharmaceutical Containers Bottle Machine made rubber stopper, aluminum cap; 1931 Owens Illinois Alton Ill. plant mark (1930 to at least 1970s), 3 1/6" heightAmber 1Provenience MD 579 Total : 1MD 580Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous ?1Provenience MD 580 Total : 1MD 581Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous 3/4" square1Provenience MD 581 Total : 1MD 582Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous segmented shell from British manufactured gun 1Provenience MD 582 Total : 1MD 583Misc. Hardware Ring Ferrous 3/4" x 3/4" x 1" triangular, accouterment? 1Provenience MD 583 Total : 1MD 584Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Glass Storage Container Bottle Colored glass 19th c. Dark Green 1Provenience MD 584 Total : 2MD 585Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 585 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK R Total : 20BLOCK SMD 171Nails Nail(s) Wire1Provenience MD 171 Total : 1MD 172Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 172 Total : 1MD 173Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 173 Total : 1MD 174Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 174 Total : 1MD 175Nails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Provenience MD 175 Total : 1MD 176Nails Nail(s) Wire ?, roofing1Provenience MD 176 Total : 1MD 177Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 177 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 35 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 178Misc. Hardware Bolt Ferrous with washer1Provenience MD 178 Total : 1MD 179Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 179 Total : 1MD 180Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 180 Total : 1MD 181Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Pistol Indeterminate .226 in., fired, post Civil War (flat base) .22 cal. 1Provenience MD 181 Total : 1MD 182Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical1Provenience MD 182 Total : 1MD 183Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 183 Total : 1MD 184Misc. Hardware Rivet Ferrous ?1Provenience MD 184 Total : 1MD 185Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 185 Total : 1MD 186Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 186 Total : 1MD 187Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 187 Total : 1MD 188Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 188 Total : 1MD 189Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 189 Total : 1MD 190Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 190 Total : 2MD 191Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 191 Total : 1MD 192Misc. Hardware Staple Ferrous 1 1/4" length1Provenience MD 192 Total : 1MD 193Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Sporting Rifle Sharps .500 in., unfired, machine‐made punch mark in base .44 cal. 1Provenience MD 193 Total : 1MD 194Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 194 Total : 1MD 195Misc. Material Wire Ferrous1Provenience MD 195 Total : 1MD 599Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 599 Total : 1MD 600Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 600 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 36 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 601Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 601 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK S Total : 29BLOCK SMD 139Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 139 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK S1BLOCK TMD 149Agriculture/Horticulture Pulley Cast iron hay fork/carrier, iron; pat. 1867 1Provenience MD 149 Total : 1MD 150Agriculture/Horticulture Pulley Cast iron hay fork/carrier, iron; pat. 1867 1Provenience MD 150 Total : 1MD 163Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous 9/16" x 5/8"1Provenience MD 163 Total : 1MD 164Misc. Hardware Grommet Aluminum1Provenience MD 164 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK T Total : 4BLOCK VMD 081Misc. Material Unidentified Ferrous spiral casing1Provenience MD 081 Total : 1MD 082Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 082 Total : 1MD 083Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .538 in., unfired, two ring, nose cast .54 cal. 1Provenience MD 083 Total : 1MD 084Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket Gardner .555 in., unfired, two ring, nose cast .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 084 Total : 1MD 085Nails Nail(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 085 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK V Total : 5BLOCK WMD 071Misc. Material Scrap metal Ferrous2Provenience MD 071 Total : 2MD 072Ammunition/Artillery Shrapnel Ferrous ?1Provenience MD 072 Total : 1MD 073Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wrought1Provenience MD 073 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK W Total : 4BLOCK YMD 197Misc. Items Unidentified Ferrous plug‐like, smooth; 1 11/16" length, 15/16" diameter 1Provenience MD 197 Total : 1
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 37 of 38WMCAR #12‐22MD 198Nails Nail(s) Wire1Provenience MD 198 Total : 1MD 236Nails Nail Fragment(s) Unidentified wrought/cut1Provenience MD 236 Total : 1MD 237Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .575 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 237 Total : 1MD 238Misc. Hardware Nut Ferrous with bolt section, 1/2" square 1Provenience MD 238 Total : 1MD 239Stable/Barn Horseshoe Ferrous 19th c. or later? 1Provenience MD 239 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK Y Total : 6BLOCK ZMD 288Nails Nail Fragment(s) Wire or wire fragment? 1Provenience MD 288 Total : 1MD 289Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove indeterminate in., fired, plug cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 289 Total : 1MD 290Ammunition/Artillery Artillery shell Conical with threaded fuse channel 1Provenience MD 290 Total : 1MD 291Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .550 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 291 Total : 1MD 293Ammunition/Artillery Lead bullet: Rifle Musket 3 groove .542 in., fired, nose cast, conical cavity .58 cal. 1Provenience MD 293 Total : 1MD 294Ammunition/Artillery Canister shot Ferrous 1.14 in.1Provenience MD 294 Total : 1MD 295Nails Nail(s) Cut1Provenience MD 295 Total : 1MS 292Misc. Material Sheet metal Ferrous rolled, 3/16" diameter 1Provenience MS 292 Total : 1Provenience BLOCK Z Total : 8TEST UNIT 1L INails Nail Fragment(s) Cut1Misc. Material Clinker2.4Ceramic Cooking/Storage Unidentified Coarse Earthenware orange body, brown glaze; 19th c. 2Provenience L I Total : 3Provenience TEST UNIT 1 Total : 3TEST UNIT 2L IMisc. Material Mineral Coal/cinder3.1Misc. Material Clinker0.4Construction Materials Brick Hand Made5.8Provenience L I Total : Provenience TEST UNIT 2 Total :
Provenience Class ObjectDate CodeComment Descriptor Weight(g) Quantity6/17/2013Historic Artifacts: Lord Fairfax Community College (44FK0622) Supp. Evaluation Page 38 of 38WMCAR #12‐22769SiteTotal :