HomeMy WebLinkAbout09-24 Phase 1 Architectural Survey - July 2022…
PHASE I ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY
OF THE HESTER TRUST PROPERTY,
FREDERICK COUNTY, VIRGINIA
by
Kurtis Rogers, Dan Dilks, Jr.,
and Edward McMullen
Prepared for
Middletown, LLC
Prepared by
DOVETAIL
CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP
July 2022
Phase I Architectural Survey of the
Hester Trust Property, Frederick County, Virginia
by
Kurtis Rogers, Dan Dilks, Jr.,
and Edward McMullen
Prepared for
Middletown, LLC
8040 Industrial Park Court
Bristow, Virginia 20136
Prepared by
Dovetail Cultural Resource Group
11905 Bowman Drive, Suite 502
Fredericksburg, Virginia 22408
Dovetail Job #22-046
July 2022
Kerri Barile, Principal Investigator Date
Dovetail Cultural Resource Group
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ABSTRACT
On behalf of Middletown, LLC, Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a
Phase I architectural survey of the Hester Trust property in Frederick County, Virginia. The
project area is located along the east side of Valley Pike (Route 11) in southern Frederick
County. The architectural survey was completed in compliance with the criteria set forth by
the Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB). The survey also complies
with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) guidelines (DHR 2017). The
architectural survey examined the architectural project area, which is defined as the 101-acre
project footprint plus all adjacent parcels, as requested by HRAB. The goals of the survey were
to identify all previously recorded and newly identified cultural resources 50 years in age
(construction year 1972) or older and to make recommendations on the National Register of
Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility for all identified resources. In addition, the project area was
subjected to limited archival research specifically focused on locating potential cemeteries,
burial grounds, and graves within the project area.
Dovetail conducted a limited desk-based review in the Virginia Cultural Resource Information
System (VCRIS) of the project area and a 0.5-mile (0.8-km) radius to determine the presence
of previously recorded archaeological sites, previously recorded architectural resources, and
cultural resource surveys to inform future project development.
During the architectural reconnaissance-level survey, Dovetail identified a total of 13 above-
ground resources within the architectural project area. Nine were previously recorded with the
DHR and four were newly identified as part of this effort. Two previously recorded resources,
the Abel Tract (034-0237) and the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303), were both surveyed
within the last 10 years. The Abel Tract (034-0237) was inaccessible during the time of
survey; and therefore, an eligibility recommendation could not be made, and the resource
remains formally unevaluated for the NRHP. The Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303)
remains eligible. The David Dinges House (034-1027), Cooley House (034-0046), and the
house at 6889 Valley Pike (034-5429) are recommended for further research in order to
make an eligibility determination. The remaining eight resources (034-0271, 034-1026, 034-
1027, 034-1029, 034-1030, 034-5427, 034-5428, and 034-5430) are recommended not
eligible for listing in the NRHP.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. v
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 5
HISTORIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 7
Contact Period (1607–1750) ................................................................................................. 7
Colony to Nation (1751–1789) ............................................................................................. 8
Early National Period (1790–1829) ...................................................................................... 8
Antebellum Period (1830–1860)........................................................................................... 9
Civil War (1861–1865) ......................................................................................................... 9
Reconstruction and Growth (1866–1916) ........................................................................... 11
World War I to World War II (1917–1945)........................................................................ 12
The New Dominion (1946–1991) ....................................................................................... 12
Post-Cold War (1992–Present) ........................................................................................... 12
SURVEY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 15
BACKGROUND RESEARCH .............................................................................................. 17
Previous Cultural Resource Surveys ................................................................................... 17
Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources ................................................................ 18
Previously Recorded Architectural Resources.................................................................... 19
RESULTS OF FIELDWORK................................................................................................. 23
Archival Research Results .................................................................................................. 23
Historic Map Review .......................................................................................................... 26
Architectural Survey ........................................................................................................... 29
Previously Recorded Resources Not Resurveyed ........................................................... 29
Previously Recorded Resources Resurveyed .................................................................. 32
Newly Recorded Resources ............................................................................................ 38
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................... 43
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A: QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of Frederick County, Virginia, and the Project Area. ....................................... 2
Figure 2: Location of Project Area on the USGS Frederick County, Virginia, 7.5 -Minute
Digital Raster Graphic Mosaic. ......................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Location of the Project Area on Aerial Imagery of Frederick County ...................... 6
Figure 4: 1864 Map of Battlefields Fisher’s Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia with the Project
Area Demarcated by a Pink Circle .................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: 1878 Survey of the Land of William H. and David B. Dinges ............................... 24
Figure 6: 1809 Map of Frederick County, Virginia ................................................................ 26
Figure 7: 1864 Map of the Battle of Belle Grove, Virginia .................................................... 27
Figure 8: 1885 Map of the Frederick County, Virginia .......................................................... 27
Figure 9: 1937 (Left) and 1938 (Right) USGS Topographic Quadrangle Maps of Middletown,
Virginia (Left) and Winchester, Virginia (Right) ........................................................... 28
Figure 10: 1968 USGS Topographic Quadrangle Map of Middletown, Virginia .................. 28
Figure 11: 1986 USGS Topographic Quadrangle Maps of Middletown, Virginia (Left) and
Stephen City, Virginia (Right) ........................................................................................ 29
Figure 12: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Not Resurveyed During the Current
Study ............................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 13: Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) on Current Aerial ......................................... 31
Figure 14: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Resurveyed During the Current
Study ............................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 15: Newly Recorded Architectural Resources Surveyed During the Current Study... 40
List of Tables
Table 1: Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Area. 18
Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located within a 0.5 Mile Radius of the
Project Area. ................................................................................................................... 18
Table 3: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project
Area. ................................................................................................................................ 20
Table 4: Previously Recorded Resources within the Architectural Project Area Not
Resurveyed. ..................................................................................................................... 32
Table 5: Previously Recorded Resources Surveyed During the Current Study. ..................... 34
Table 6: Newly Recorded Resources within the Architectural Project Area .......................... 39
Table 7: Summary of Identified Resources and Recommendations. ...................................... 43
List of Photos
Photo 1: View of Project Area and the Jeff Henson House (034-1030), Looking East from
Valley Pike. ....................................................................................................................... 5
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INTRODUCTION
On behalf of Middletown, LLC, Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a
Phase I architectural survey of the Hester Trust property in Frederick County, Virginia (Figure
1–Figure 2, pp. 2–3). The project area is located along the east side of Valley Pike (Route 11)
in southern Fairfax County. The architectural survey was completed in compliance with the
criteria set forth by the Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB). The
survey also complies with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) guidelines.
The architectural survey examined the architectural project area, which is defined as the 101-
acre project footprint plus all adjacent parcels as required by the HRAB. The goals of the
survey were to identify all previously recorded and newly identified cultural resources 50 years
in age (construction year 1972) or older and to make recommendations on the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility for all identified resources.
The project included a background review and reconnaissance-level field studies. The limited
desktop survey was conducted using Virginia Cultural Resource Information System (VCRIS)
to provide a background review for previously recorded resources and surveys within 0.5 miles
(0.8 km) of the project area to provide general contextual data. The field study involved an on-
site review of extant, above-ground resources that meet the age criteria of the survey.
The architectural survey was completed on June 6, 2022, by Kurtis Rogers and Dan Dilks, Jr.
The archaeological component of the background review was done by Edward McMullen.
Kerri Barile served as the Principal Investigator. Mr. Rogers, Mr. McMullen, and Dr. Barile
all meet the Secretary of the Interior standards for their respective disciplines.
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Figure 1: Map of Frederick County, Virginia, and the Project Area (Esri 2021).
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Figure 2: Location of Project Area on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Frederick
County, Virginia, 7.5-Minute Digital Raster Graphic Mosaic (USGS 2001).
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project area is located along the east side of Valley Pike (Route 11) in southern Frederick
County (Photo 1; Figure 3, p. 6). The project area is bound on the north by Valley Pike and
agricultural dwellings, on the south by the Middletown Elementary School and Interstate 81,
on the west by a residential property and the Laurel Ridge Community College, and on the east
by residential dwellings and farm land. The area is primarily wooded with a few built resources
located within the boundaries, including the Jeff Henson House (034-1030) located near the
northwest boundary.
Photo 1: View of Project Area and the Jeff Henson House (034-1030), Looking East from
Valley Pike.
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Figure 3: Location of the Project Area on Aerial Imagery of Frederick County (Virginia
Geographic Information Network [VGIN] 2018).
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HISTORIC CONTEXT
As this project only comprises an architectural survey, no precontact context is included in this
report. The seventeenth- through twentieth-century historical overview follows the DHR
(2017) guidelines. The cultural context, as defined by DHR’s 2017 Guidelines for Conducting
Historic Resources Surveys in Virginia, provides general historic, social and environmental
information required for evaluation of any architectural resources present within the project
area. The following provides a background for Frederick County. Data specific to the project
area can be found in the Archival Research Results section (p. 23) and the Historic Map Review
section (p. 26).
Contact Period (1607–1750)
The Contact and early historic period refers to the time period during which the native groups
had their first contact with Europeans and European goods. Native adaptations to the changing
social and political environment of the Piedmont are poorly understood. The Piedmont was
occupied by several Siouan-speaking groups during the late precontact and Contact periods
(Mouer 1983). The material culture of the period is characterized by sand- and grit-tempered
pottery decorated with simple stamped decorative motifs, often similar and likely derived from
Late Woodland styles (Potter 1993). The introduction of European goods is a distinguishing
characteristic of this period. Depopulation related to European born disease and changed trade
dynamics are the two primary factors often cited in cultural changes during this period.
The first Europeans to pass through the Shenandoah Valley were Jesuit missionaries in 1632.
The Jesuits left no written record but passed on the information to a Frenchman by the name
of Samuel de Chaplin. He detailed this frontier on one of his early maps of what became
America (Lehman 1989). Frederick County was originally owned by the Virginia Company
but was taken over by the crown in 1624. By 1681, Thomas Fairfax, the Fifth Lord Fairfax
owned the land that contained Frederick County. This land was then passed on to his son
Thomas. During this time, traders, trappers, and explorers were venturing into the Shenandoah
Valley (Frederick County, Virginia 2020). Lord Fairfax, accompanied by a group of men, road
on horseback to a new settlement called Frederick (now Winchester) and informed the
inhabitants that they were on his land and made them pay their rents to him and not to the
Commonwealth in 1736 (Fischer and Kelly 2000:85).
During this time, Quakers were slowly making their way to the valley. This was largely due to
the new tolerance by locals officially extended to Quakers, as well as the potential for more
fertile land, better trapping, abundant forest, and water resources. In 1732, a group led by
Alexander Ross acquired a charter for 100,000 acres in the area that would become Frederick
County (Fischer and Kelly 2000:109). Over the next 40 years, nearly 5,000 Quakers moved to
this colony, allured, to a great extent, by the fact that land in Frederick County was half the
price of land in Pennsylvania (Fischer and Kelly 2000:110).
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In 1738, Frederick County was formed from western Orange County by the House of
Burgesses and was named after the Prince of Wales. Because this was technically Lord
Fairfax’s land, he felt that the land should be surveyed properly. Acting on behalf of Lord
Fairfax, George Washington and other members of the surveying party came to Frederick
County to prove to the courts that Frederick County was within Lord Fairfax’s holdings
(Lehman 1989). In 1745, Fairfax won the dispute and rights to his land, which extended beyond
the Shenandoah River (Lehman 1989). His total holdings consisted of 5,282,000 acres.
Because Fairfax was so fond of this area, he immigrated to Virginia and built a home in present-
day Clarke County (Lehman 1989). A total of 11 other counties would eventually be formed
from the original Frederick County (Frederick County, Virginia 2020).
Colony to Nation (1751–1789)
Most early settlements in Frederick County were centered along Native American paths and
roadways. All of the major transportation routes in Frederick County passed through
Winchester and they “included the Great Wagon Road, now Route 11, which ran north and
south through the county; Routes 50 and 522 which ran east–west and southeast–west,
respectively; and Route 7 which ran east to Battletown (now Berryville) the county seat of
Clarke County” (Kalbian 1992a:18–19). Some of the earliest businesses to thrive were
“ordinaries” or taverns, which served as stopover points for travelers (Shellenhamer et al.
2005:3–8).
Because the soils of Frederick County were suitable for agriculture and orchards, plantation
houses dotted the rolling landscape of the county. Enslaved labor was the primary work force
except for the German farmstead settlements, who did not believe in the use of enslaved people
for labor (Shellenhamer et al. 2005:3–8). Instead, they relied heavily on their extended family
networks to work their farms where they grew a wide assortment of grains (Shellenhamer et
al. 2005:3–8). Also, the early Quakers of Pennsylvania that settled in Frederick County favored
the same family ideal. Although there were battles or other military engagements in the county
during the Revolutionary War, it was these farms that produced much of the provisions,
including food and supplies, needed during the war. Many of the prisoners that were captured
throughout the Revolutionary War were held in prisons in Winchester and Frederick County
(Frederick County, Virginia 2020). In fact, the number of British prisoners increased so much
that a new barracks was built near Winchester by 1781 (Frederick County, Virginia 2020).
Early National Period (1790–1829)
Settlers flooded the area during the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
century. During this period, local farms in Frederick County tended to be smaller than those to
the east. Wheat and cattle production was at the center of the local economy (Frederick County,
Virginia 2020). Milling was also essential; by 1820, Frederick County had over 50 flour mills
and many sawmills (Kalbian 1992a:22). After being ground, wheat was transported by wagons
and boats traveling the Shenandoah River to markets east of the county (Kalbian 1992a:22).
Towns like Winchester, Stephens City, Middletown, Kernstown, Gainesboro, and Gore were
hubs for economic activity due to their concentrations of skilled craftspeople, while the rest of
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the county remained agricultural with large plantation properties (Frederick County, Virginia
2020).
Antebellum Period (1830–1860)
Over the next 50 years the Shenandoah Valley witnessed a series of transportation projects.
The Valley Turnpike was widened and paved as well as the Martinsburg Turnpike and
Berryville Turnpike. In 1836, the Winchester and Potomac Railroad line was finished, which
extended from Winchester to Harper’s Ferry and connected with the Baltimore and Ohio
(B&O) Railroad (Ebert and Lazazzera 1988:44–46). These improvements encouraged further
settlement of the region with smaller communities appearing in the outlying areas. The Great
Wagon Road (which would become U.S. Route 11) was used by travelers moving west from
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, through to Winchester (Frederick County, Virginia 2020). In the
mid-nineteenth century, a regional attraction, the springs, drew travelers along such roads and
rail lines to western Virginia. The natural hot sulfur springs on Like Run located just east of
Stephenson were advertised as a resort for healthful, restorative treatments (Shellenhamer et
al. 2005:3–9).
Civil War (1861–1865)
Numerous major Civil War battles occurred within and around Frederick County. The
Shenandoah Valley’s agricultural products proved useful for supplying Confederate troops
with food, livestock, and horses. Three important rail lines transported these goods from the
valley to troops stationed farther south, including the Manassas Gap Railroad and the
Winchester and Potomac spur of the Baltimore and Ohio [B&O] which were the most notable
(Gallagher 1991). Not only did the agriculture of the Valley play an important role in the war,
the Valley held a strategic place due to its proximity to Washington, D.C. (Frederick County,
Virginia 2020). In 1861, the tactical importance of the Valley was recognized by both the
Union and the Confederacy, and Winchester, Virginia was controlled by both armies on and
off during the duration of the war (Frederick County, Virginia 2020).
The first major local battle in Frederick County was the First Battle of Kernstown in March
1862 (Frederick County, Virginia 2020). This engagement was General Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson’s first fight in the Valley Campaign and was where he experienced his only tactical
defeat (Morton 1925:154). Jackson and his men marched north on false intelligence claiming
that a small number of Union troops were stationed at Winchester. Unfortunately for Jackson,
8,500 men were waiting and stopped him at Kernstown (Quarles 1976). Jackson’s troops were
forced to retreat. Because of the Confederate army’s perceived threat to Washington, President
Lincoln reinforced the Valley with a substantial number of troops (Quarles 1976). Even though
Jackson was defeated, he succeeded in forcing the Federals to maintain a strong presence in
the Valley, which likely aided in the string of Confederate victories that followed.
Even with the influx of Union troops, Jackson was able to defeat the Union army in the First
Battle of Winchester two months later, on May 25, 1862. This major victory in General
Jackson’s Valley Campaign displayed considerable finesse on the tactical level. From this
victory, Jackson was able to capture thousands of Union prisoners and gained much-needed
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supplies and munitions (Morton 1925:156). Ultimately, this victory disrupted Union plans for
a convergence on Richmond.
The Second Battle of Winchester was yet another victory for the Confederate army. During
June 13–15, 1863, Confederate forces attacked and defeated Union forces occupying forts on
the western side of Winchester. Led by General Richard Ewell, the Second Corps of the Army
of Northern Virginia entered Winchester on June 14th. During the night, many troops moved
toward Union camps and headquarters, and after a period of intense fighting, the Confederate
troops regained control over Winchester (Morton 1925:158; Quarles 1976).
The Second Battle of Kernstown was fought one year later in July 1864 (Frederick County,
Virginia 2020). Union Brigadier General George Crook was left to hold Winchester while the
VI and XIX Corps returned to Washington to join Grant’s army (Quarles 1976). Under orders
to prevent reinforcements from being sent to Grant, Confederate General Jubal Early marched
north against Crook. After only one hour, the Union troops were defeated, and Crook’s
divisions ran through the streets of Winchester in a panic. On July 26, Crook retreated to the
Potomac River and crossed near Williamsport (Quarles 1976).
Two months later, Union General Philip Sheridan was appointed the head of the new Middle
Military division of the Army of the Shenandoah. On September 19, 1864, Sheridan moved
his infantry and cavalry into position by Opequon Creek in the hopes of taking Winchester
from the Confederate forces (Wert 1987:43). Early’s forces were positioned in Winchester and
at Stephen’s Depot but they were outnumbered threefold (Wert 1987:43). In the early morning,
fighting began and initially Early was able to fend off the Union attack. However, by mid-day
Confederate Calvary lines were demolished. In the end, Early was forced out of Winchester
and retreated south to Fisher’s Hill (Quarles 1976). This became known as the Third Battle of
Winchester, and for several weeks, Union troops burned the Shenandoah Valley, destroying
property and grain stores (Frederick County, Virginia 2020).
The boundaries for these battles were established by the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission
(CWSAC), aided by the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP), in the early 1990s
and were revised in 2009. As part of the 2009 revision, the ABPP created a four-tiered system
that included such factors as historic significance, current condition, and level of threat to
determine preservation priorities among the battlefields (CWSAC 2009). The boundaries for
battles, as currently mapped, include the regions of direct fighting (Core Area); the location
where battle-related actions took place such as encampment and associated marching routes
for soldiers (Study Area); and the potential NRHP (PotNR) boundaries of the battlefields. The
project area is located inside the Study Area, Core Area, and PotNR boundaries of the Cedar
Creek Battlefield (034-0303) along the east side of Valley Pike. An 1864 map suggests that
troop movements as well as fighting occurred near or within the project area (Figure 4, p. 11)
(Gillespie 1865).
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Figure 4: 1864 Map of Battlefields Fisher’s Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia with the Project
Area Demarcated by a Pink Circle (Gillespie 1864). Not to scale. Union troop movements
likely occurred inside the project area.
Reconstruction and Growth (1866–1916)
The Civil War significantly impacted the residents of Frederick County. Homes were
destroyed, crops burned, and livestock were slaughtered with the goal of depleting Confederate
supplies (Frederick County, Virginia 2020). After the war, citizens began the process of
rebuilding roads and bridges, as well as public and private property (Kalbian 1992a:22). With
the Reconstruction period came a change in agricultural lifeways. Most of Frederick County’s
plantation labor force changed from a system of enslaved labor to tenant farming. Farmers
began growing a variety of crops including apples, which soon became more prevalent
throughout the county (Kalbian 1992a:23).
Rapid industrial growth dominated late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Frederick
County. Industries that suffered damages during the Civil War slowly rebuilt, and by 1890,
there were diverse industrial production facilities in the county including woolen factories and
mills, iron foundries, glove factories, boot and shoe factories, broom factories, marble yards,
and cigar factories (Kalbian 1992a:23). Apple production was booming and eventually
replaced wheat as the primary cash crop (Morton 1925:258). Due to the rise in apple
production, new facilities were developed relating to apple production and processing. Textile
industries, such as woolen and knitting mills, were also leading commercial ventures in
Winchester (Shellenhamer et al. 2005:3–11). Although popular during the late-nineteenth
century, by the early-twentieth century the hot sulfur springs east of Stephenson closed and
became a Catholic seminary.
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World War I to World War II (1917–1945)
During World War I, residents of Frederick County met war needs in many ways. For example,
the Virginia Woolen Company, which opened in 1901, produced cloth for military uniforms.
Many industries within the county continued to be successful during the war (Linhart
2014:128). In the early-twentieth century, apple growing remained important to the economy
of Frederick County and farmers advocated for better roads to meet the demands of
transporting their produce (Linhart 2014:102). Until 1926, the Valley Turnpike (U.S. Route
11), located near Winchester, was one of the primary “hard-surfaced” roads in the vicinity
(Linhart 2014:102). In 1927, the Bowles airport was constructed in Frederick County, further
opening transportation opportunities in the region (Linhart 2014:175). In the 1930s, it was
renamed Admiral Byrd Field.
The Great Depression did impact residents of Frederick County as was the case across the
Commonwealth, though the impacts were less severe in the county than in other parts of the
state. In 1930, approximately 8.6 percent of residents in Virginia received relief benefits,
compared to 4.7 percent of Frederick County residents (Linhart 2014:166). However, the
county did suffer from drought in 1930 which affected crop and produce production (Linhart
2014:165). As the county recovered from this period, transportation routes continued to evolve.
By 1937, the Admiral Byrd Field Airport became the Winchester Regional Airport, and was
licensed for commercial air traffic (Kalbain 1992:157).
During World War II, citizens from Frederick County supported the war effort through military
service and supply production. The Virginia Woolen Company, which had previously
produced fabric during World War I, produced cloth for military uniforms and employed over
500 workers (Linhart 2014:113).
The New Dominion (1946–1991)
After World War II, growth patterns and government expansion followed national trends
(Linart 2014:273). As elsewhere in the state, national policies which expanded transportation
routes, like the highway program, and housing policies which increased suburbanization led to
development in the county (Linart 2014:273). In the mid-twentieth century, transportation
routes continued to be improved, increasing accessibility to the Shenandoah Valley (Kalbain
1992:157). From 1962 to 1968, Interstate 81 was constructed running north–south parallel to
U.S. Route 11, formerly known as the Valley Turnpike, and it became a major thoroughfare in
the Valley (Kalbain 1992:157). From the 1980s to the 1990s, the county experienced a period
of rapid growth due to an increased spread of the Washington, D.C., area. By 1990, the county
had approximately 45,000 residents (Kalbian 1992a:224).
Post-Cold War (1992–Present)
With the urban sprawl in neighboring Loudoun and Prince William counties, Frederick County
has also undergone extensive commercial and residential growth (Kalbian 1992a:24). With
improvements to Route 7 and Interstates 81, Frederick County became more accessible. These
changes have resulted in a significant increase in both residential development and overall
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population growth. Since the 1990s, the population of Fredrick County has nearly doubled
which can be observed in historic topographic mapping where suburban residential
communities are slowing expanding from the City of Winchester on all sides. In 2019,
approximately 89,313 residents lived in the county (United States Census Bureau 2019).
Primary employers in Frederick County are in the healthcare sector, retail, government, and
manufacturing (Linhart 2014:275).
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SURVEY METHODOLOGY
During the survey, in accordance with DHR survey guidelines, Dovetail identified and
provided NRHP eligibility recommendations for all previously recorded resources and all
previously unrecorded above-ground resources (buildings, districts, objects, or structures) that
are 50 years of age (construction year 1972) or older within the architectural project area,
defined for this project as the project area and the parcels adjacent to the project area as
required by the HRAB (DHR 2017). Resources that were inaccessible during the time of the
survey, or if not enough information could be gathered from the public right-of-way, received
a suggestion of further research in order to make an NRHP determination. Any previously
recorded resource that had received a formal NRHP eligibility determination from DHR staff
and was surveyed within the last 10 years, which meets parameters set by the HRAB
guidelines, was not resurveyed during the current project.
Architectural resources identified during the current survey were documented through written
notes and digital photographs. The information obtained during the survey was then used to
update or generate a new DHR VCRIS form and to make recommendations on each resource’s
NRHP potential.
Once identified, the historic significance and integrity of each resource was assessed and the
property’s NRHP eligibility examined. Each resource was evaluated with regard to Criterion
A, for any associations with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of our history; Criterion B, for any associations with people significant in our nation’s
history; and Criterion C, for embodiment of distinctive characteristics of a type, period, method
of construction, or that represent the work of a master and possess high artistic values. As part
of the current survey, these architectural resources were not evaluated under Criterion D for
their potential to yield information important in history. Criteria considerations were taken into
account only where necessary.
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BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Prior to conducting fieldwork, the potential of the project area to contain NRHP-eligible
architectural properties and significant archaeological resources was assessed by searching the
DHR site and survey file records, as well as examining the CWSAC maps for the area.
According to DHR and CWSAC records, the project area is located within Cedar Creek
Battlefield. See the Civil War section (p. 9) in the previous chapter entitled “Historic Context”
for a discussion of the Civil War-period in Frederick County and the surrounding region.
Dovetail conducted a background records review to locate earlier cultural resource surveys and
previously recorded historic architectural properties near the project area. There are 19
previously recorded above-ground resources within 0.5 miles of the project area. This section
of the current document summarizes the findings of the background review only; this
background review does not serve as the results of the architectural survey, which is discussed
in the subsequent chapter entitled “Results of Fieldwork” (p. 23).
Previous Cultural Resource Surveys
A total of three cultural resource surveys have occurred within a 0.5-mile radius of the project
area (Table 1, p. 18). In 1985, Thunderbird Archeological Associates (Thunderbird) conducted
a survey ahead of the proposed Meadow Brook sub-station on behalf of Allegheny Power
System and Potomac Edison. A total of three archaeological sites were recorded including two
historic tenant or mill worker houses and one indeterminate precontact lithic reduction site.
Further work was recommended if the proposed impacts would affect the historic components
of these sites (Gardner et al. 1985).
Engineering Consulting Services, Ltd. Mid-Atlantic (ECS) completed a Phase I archaeological
survey of the Corron Center located at Lord Fairfax Community College in March 2007 on
behalf of the Virginia Community College System. The survey resulted in the excavation of
17 shovel tests, of which two identified a buried plow zone (Apb). Additional metal detection
in the area of the identified Apb recovered one Minié ball. Due to the proximity of the 1864
Battle of Cedar Creek (44FK0622), ECS recommended avoidance in this area as it may contain
preserved Civil War-era deposits; however, the single artifact did not constitute an
archaeological site (Ezell et al. 2007).
GAI Consultants, Inc. conducted additional Phase I testing for the proposed Trans-Allegheny
Interstate Line (TrAIL) project within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area in 2010 on behalf
of Power Engineers, Inc. The addendum work to previous surveys associated with TrAIL
included archaeological surveys within footprints of proposed transmission tower locations,
access roads, and other support infrastructure. One new archaeological site was identified as a
result of the additional survey. Site 44WR0448 is within the floodplain of Crooked Run near
Front Royal, Virginia, and contains intact cultural deposits spanning the Woodland period.
This site was recommended for avoidance or Phase II evaluation ; however, it lies outside of
the 0.5-mile radius of the current project area (Duncan et al. 2010).
18
Table 1: Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Area.
DHR
Report No. Title Author(s)/Affiliation Year
FK-009
Phase I Archeological Investigations:
Meadowbrook Substation
William M. Gardner,
Kimberly Snyder, Timothy A.
Thompson/Thunderbird
1985
FK-086
Phase I Archaeological Survey of the
Corron Center at Lord Fairfax Community
College, Frederick County, Virginia
Raymond Ezell, Clifton
Huston, Richard Francisco/
ECS
2007
WR-073
Addendum Phase I Archaeological Survey
Report VA State Line-Meadowbrook
Substation and Meadowbrook Substation-
Appalachian Trail Segments of the Trans-
Allegheny Interstate Line (TrAIL) Project,
Frederick and Warren Counties, Virginia
Richard Duncan, Steven
Sarver, Mark Frank, Marina
Davis, Megan Mooney/
GAI Consultants, Inc.
2010
Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources
A total of three archaeological sites was recorded within a 0.5-mile radius of the project area
and include two indeterminate dwelling sites dating to unknown precontact and historic periods
and one Civil War battlefield (Table 2). Sites 44FK0055 and 44FK0820 represent a mix of
local stone and concrete foundations with small multicomponent artifact assemblages. Neither
site has been evaluated for listing in the NRHP. Site 44FK0622 represents the intact
archaeological component of the Battle of Cedar Creek (034-0303) and is recommended as
eligible for listing in the NRHP. The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought on October 19, 1864,
and is discussed in the “Civil War” section (p. 9) and “Previously Recorded Architectural
Resources” section (p. 19) of this report.
Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located within a 0.5 Mile Radius of the
Project Area.
DHR No. Type Period Eligibility
Determination
44FK0055 Dwelling, single,
Other Historic/Unknown, Precontact/Unknown Not Evaluated
44FK0622 Battlefield 19th Century: 3rd quarter (1850–1874) DHR Staff: Eligible
44FK0820 Dwelling, single
World War I to World War II (1917–1945),
The New Dominion (1946–1991), Post-
Cold War (1992–Present)
Not Evaluated
19
Previously Recorded Architectural Resources
There are 19 previously recorded architectural resources within 0.5 miles (0.80-km) of the
project area, with only one inside the project area (034-1030) (Table 3, p. 20). The Jeff Henson
House (034-1030) was constructed circa 1920 and is located in the northwest corner of the
project area. The dwelling has received no NRHP eligibility determination from DHR staff
and was last surveyed in 1991. In that survey, the house was in good condition and retained
most of its original elements such as the weatherboard siding, wooden fenestration, and the
standing-seam metal-clad roof. Associated resources included a smoke/meat house, chicken
house, a privy, and a garage, which were all reported to be in poor or fair condition. No
eligibility recommendation was made at the time of the survey.
The Belle Grove Plantation (034-0002) is the only resource in the 0.5-mile (0.8-km)
background study area listed in the National Historic Landmarks (NHL), NRHP, and Virginia
Landmarks Register (VLR). The Green Hill Farm (034-0081) was listed in the NRHP and
VLR. The Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) was determined to be NRHP eligible, the
Glenmore Farm (034-1422) was determined as potentially eligible, and the Harper’s Ferry and
Valley Branch of the B&O (034-5077) was determined not eligible by DHR staff. The
remaining 14 resources have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility.
The Belle Grove Plantation (034-0002) is located within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area
and was listed in the NHL in 1969, NRHP in 2003, and the VLR in 1968 by DHR staff under
Criteria A and C. The planation was constructed in 1787 in the Georgian architectural style
and was noted as one-and-a-half stories in height and clad in limestone. The resource is
significant for its architectural style and distinctiveness of the plantation and its involvement
in the battle of Cedar Creek.
Green Hills Farm (034-0081) was determined to be eligible for the NRHP and VLR in 2016
under Criteria A and C. The main house on the farm was constructed in circa 1790 in the Greek
Revival style and I-House form. The property is significant under Criterion A for its significant
part in the history in the settlement era in the eightieth century in the Shenandoah Valley.
Additionally, the farm is located inside the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303), which
strengthens its significance under Criterion A. Under Criterion C, the farm’s main house has
unique architectural details that were uncommon in the area, such as its central-chimney house
type.
The Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) was determined eligible for the NRHP by DHR staff
in 2002. During this battle, Confederate General Jubal Early led a surprise attack against Union
forces led by Philip Sheridan along Cedar Creek. However, Sheridan led a counterattack that
resulted in a Union victory and pushed Confederate forces out of the Shenandoah Valley. A
detailed history of this battle can be found in the previous chapter “HISTORIC CONTEXT”
in the subheading “Civil War (1861–1865)” (p. 9).
The Glenmore Farm (034-1422) was determined potentially eligible by DHR staff in 2009.
DHR determined the barn on the property was an exceptional example of nineteenth-century
barn construction in the Shenandoah Valley. The two-story, open forebay bank barn rests on a
rubble stone foundation and is clad in vertical board siding. Prominent characteristics of this
20
barn include its four-sided ridge ventilator and its pointed standing-seam metal roof. The main
house was not included in the determination due to its vernacular architectural style.
Also located within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area, the Harper’s Ferry and Valley
Branch of the B&O (034-5077) was determined not to have any relative significance compared
to other rail lines that were in the region decades prior to its construction. In 2009, DHR staff
determined that this railroad was not eligible for NRHP listing.
The remaining 14 resources located within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area have not been
formally evaluated for NRHP potential and comprise 11 single-family dwellings, a tract of
land, a motel, and a bridge. The Abel Tract (034-0237) is a 65-acre tract of land that is held
under a perpetual easement by the DHR that contains a nineteenth-century log and frame
dwelling, twentieth-century tenant dwelling, and several agricultural outbuildings. The
property was subjected to the easement due to its land being a part of the Cedar Creek
Battlefield (034-0303). Due to the military engagements and troop movements on the property,
the property has potential for archeological sites and deposits and warranted the protection of
the perpetual easement. The 11 single-family dwellings were constructed between the late-
nineteenth and early-twentieth century (034-0046, 034-0270, 034-0271, 034-1023, 034-1024,
034-1025, 034-1026, 034-1028, 034-1029, 034-1030, and 034-1031). The Nixon’s Motel (034-
1027) was constructed circa 1940 and the main building on the property is a two-story building
with Colonial Revival architectural elements. The property also includes a set of three
apartment buildings that have similar building materials as the main building. Constructed
circa 1927, the Bridge #6108 (034-1552) was built as a vehicular bridge. Demolished in 1994,
the bridge was replaced by a culvert.
Table 3: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the
Project Area.
DHR No. Name/Address Date Previous Evaluation Status
034-0002 Belle Grove Plantation ca. 1787 NHL Listing (1969), NRHP Listing
(2003), VLR Listing, 1968
034-0046 Cooley House ca. 1800 Not Evaluated
034-0081 Green Hill Farm ca. 1790 NRHP Listing, VLR Listing (2016)
034-0237 Abel Tract ca. 1810 DHR Easement (2013)
034-0270 House, Valley Pike ca. 1900 Not Evaluated
034-0271 House, Route 11 S. ca. 1910 Not Evaluated
034-0303 Cedar Creek Battlefield 1864 DHR Staff: Eligible (2020)
034-1023 Martha Downes House ca. 1880 Not Evaluated
034-1024 Howard Kline House ca. 1890 Not Evaluated
034-1025 Wise-Chadwell House ca. 1929 Not Evaluated
034-1026 Bayliss-Seaman House ca. 1900 Not Evaluated
034-1027 Nixon's Motel ca. 1940 Not Evaluated
034-1028 David Dinges House ca. 1873 Not Evaluated
034-1029 Randall, E.H., House ca. 1900 Not Evaluated
034-1030 Henson, Jeff, House ca. 1920 Not Evaluated
034-1031 Didawick-Robinson House ca. 1890 Not Evaluated
034-1422 Glenmore Farm ca. 1890 DHR Staff: Potentially Eligible
(2009)
21
DHR No. Name/Address Date Previous Evaluation Status
034-1552 Bridge #6108, Klines Mill Rd ca. 1927 Not Evaluated
034-5077
Harper’s Ferry and Valley Branch of
the B&O Railroad/Winchester and
Potomac Railroad
1831 DHR Staff: Not Eligible (2009)
22
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23
RESULTS OF FIELDWORK
Archival Research Results
The project area is a 101-acre property located just northeast of Middletown in Frederick
County. The property was a part of the Isaac Lambert farm in the first half of the nineteenth
century. Little information was found about Isaac Lambert; however, he was likely a farmer
and appears to have moved to West Virginia following the sale of his property in 1845 to David
Dinges for $3,000 (Frederick County Circuit Court, Winchester, Virginia [FCCC] 1845:Deed
Book [DB] 74:1). The Dinges occupation of the property would continue until the beginning
of the twentieth century.
David Dinges was born around 1791 in Frederick County. Not much is known about Dinges’
upbringing, but he lived in Frederick County for the entirety of his life where he raised a family
and operated a farm, which primarily grew grain. David Dinges married Catherine Miller in
1822 and they had eight children together (United States Federal Population Census [U.S.
Census] 1850). Census records indicate that Dinges was a farmer and Catherine kept house
and raised their children. According to the 1850 U.S. Census Slave Schedules, there were three
enslaved persons living and working on the Dinges farm (United States Federal Population
Census Slave Schedules [U.S. Census Slave Schedules] 1850). In 1860, this number grew to
seven enslaved persons living and working on the Dinges farm (U.S. Census Slave Schedules
1860). It was in 1860 that there were new additions to the Dinges household including
Archibald Johnson, a 15-year-old mulatto male, and Burks Wells a 15-year-old Black male
(U.S. Census 1860). Neither were listed in the slave schedules for that year and their
relationship to Dinges is unclear. Archibald Johnson is enumerated in the 1850 U.S. Census
with his mother and father who appeared to be free (U.S. Census 1850). However, there were
no further records of Burks Wells before or after 1860 found during this research.
David B. Dinges, son of David and Catherine born in 1844, served in the Confederate army
for around a year at the age of 19 after enlisting in 1863 and on April 25, 1865, Dinges was
paroled in nearby Winchester (U.S. Census 1850; United States Civil War Soldier Records
1865). Months later on August 14, 1865, Dinges received a full pardon from President Andrew
Johnson for his participation in the war (United States Pardons 1865). Following the war in
1870, David B. Dinges remained the only child living with his parents, while William had
begun a family of his own and moved into a house located on the family farm (U.S. Census
1870). At this time, David Dinges real estate was valued at approximately $50,000. The
following year, David Dinges passed away from dropsy and in his will, he bequeathed his
home farm to his sons William H. and David B., which totaled around 478 acres (FCCC
1871:Will Book [WB] 30:172). The will required the brothers to evenly divide the property
between them. Sources indicate that David B. Dinges had a new dwelling built on his portion
of the property in 1881 by Messrs. Campbell and Beaty; it is likely that this is the present
dwelling on the northside of the Valley Turnpike, known as the David B. Dinges House (034-
1028) located outside of the project area (Stephens City Star 1881). In 1885, the brothers signed
off on a new division line that was displayed in an 1878 survey of the property (Figure 5, p.
24
24) (FCCC 1885:DB 101:40). The portion of land that lies on the south side of the Valley
Turnpike would become the current project area. In 1891, full rights to this land were officially
deeded from William H. Dinges and his wife, Francine, to David B. Dinges and his wife, Ida
(FCCC 1891:DB 108:157). In this deed, the land south of the Valley Turnpike was described
as containing approximately 116 acres, which contains the current project area. David B.
Dinges would sell this land in 1903 to Elliot Linden Humston (FCCC 1903:DB 124:27). The
property totaled 181 acres on both sides of the Valley Turnpike. David B. Dinges would retire
to the heart of Middletown where he worked as a Post Office Clerk and remained involved in
the community as secretary of the Valley Turnpike Company (The Daily News Leader 1918;
U.S. Census 1920).
Figure 5: 1878 Survey of the Land of William H. and David B. Dinges (FCCC 1885:DB
101:40). The project area is noted with a pink circle. Not to scale.
25
Elliot Linden Humston was a native of Virginia and census records indicate that he lived by
himself on the farm in 1910 and worked as a farmer (U.S. Census 1910). It is likely that during
the ownership of Humston, the Jeff Henson House (034-1030) currently located within the
project area was constructed, circa 1920. However, it is not clear who occupied the house
during this time. As of 1930, a woman named Alice Weatherholt lived with Humston and
worked as his housekeeper (U.S. Census 1930). Earlier in life, Humston had been married and
subsequently widowed; however, he had a daughter from that marriage named Mamie E.
Humston. Mamie would marry William Ezra Coffman, a cashier for the State Bank of
Middletown, in 1909 (The Mathews Journal 1909; U.S. Census 1910). There was no further
information on E.L. Humston uncovered during this effort, other than a robbery that occurred
on the farm in 1940. Newspapers indicate that in 1940 approximately 570 pounds of sugar-
cured pork was stolen from the farm of Humston (The Times Dispatch 1940). It is not known
what became of this matter, but it can be inferred that Humston raised livestock, specifically
pigs on his farm. It was common on Frederick County farms during this time to raise livestock
including cattle and sheep (Kalbian 1992).
Humston passed away years later in 1947 (Find A Grave 2008). In his will, he made various
requests including that he be buried in a metal casket. The seventh item in his will was that the
“Dinges Farm,” formerly occupied by himself, be left to his daughter (FCCC 1947:WB
57:368). Census records indicate that Mamie would not live on the farm and instead she was
noted to be residing in Winchester (U.S. Census 1940). Mamie’s husband, William, had died
many years earlier in 1922 but had left her with one son (Find A Grave 2016a). That son was
named William Richard Coffman and records indicate that he lived on the farm in 1950 with
his wife, Julie Margaret Coffman (U.S. Census 1950). William R. Coffman was the owner of
an auto parts store in town, and if the farm was in operation during his ownership, it is possible
that it was operated by tenant farmers occupying the Jeff Henson House (034-1030). It is
unclear when the property transferred from Mamie to her son, William. It is known that when
he passed in 1964, he left the farm to his wife (FCCC 1964:WB 65:508). Mamie would outlive
her son William by six years and pass away in 1970 (Find a Grave 2016b).
Just a year later in 1971, Julia sold 145 acres of the farm to the Jack M. Phillips, Roland D.
Bush, and Frank O. Kerns, partners trading as the “Fairfax Development Company” (FCCC
1971:DB 376:221). The Fairfax Development Company owned the property for just under two
years and in 1973 sold 116.02 acres to A.C. Echols, Jr., Trustee and General Partner for the
Middletown Limited Partnership (FCCC 1973:DB 408:121). In 1979, roughly 15 acres of the
tract were sold to the School Board of Frederick County (FCCC 1979:DB 510:163). This land
was used to construct the Middletown Elementary School that is directly south of the project
area. The remaining tract contained roughly 101 acres, which is the current project area. In
1995, A.C. Echols, Jr., sold the tract of 101 acres to the Middletown Real Estate General
Partnership (FCCC 1995:DB 840:303). A year later, the Middletown Real Estate General
Partnership sold the tract of land to Jeffery D. Hester, Trustee of the Wedell Hester Trust for
the Benefit of Brian Jeffery Hester, Allen Thomas Hester, and Jason Gregory Hester (FCCC
1996:DB 862:675). The current property owners are Brian Jeffery Hester and Jason Gregory
Hester.
26
Historic Map Review
Historic maps suggest that the area within and immediately adjacent to the project area
remained relatively undeveloped in the years prior to the Civil War. The surrounding area was
occupied by scattered farm houses, mills, a few roads, and waterways such as Cedar Creek to
the southwest and the Meadow Branch to the northwest (Figure 6) (Jones & Varle 1809).
During the Civil War, there were notable troop movements through the area, as the project area
is located directly to the northeast of the PotNR boundary of the ABPP defined Battle of Cedar
Creek. Historic mapping indicates that Union troops were located within the property area
during campaigns in 1864 (Figure 7, p. 27) (Hotchkiss 1864).
Figure 6: 1809 Map of Frederick County, Virginia (Jones & Varle 1809). The approximate
location of the project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
After the Civil War, there was not much change in local development. Population centers
within the general vicinity of the project area, such as Middletown to the southwest, continued
to grow. In 1872, the Harper’s Ferry and Valley Branch of the B&O Railroad (034-5077),
northwest of the project area, was constructed and ran northeast to southwest. During this time
there was also some roadway expansion, in particular the road known as Valley Turnpike
bordering the project area to the northwest was developed (Figure 8, p. 27) (Lake & Co. 1885).
Into the early-twentieth century, there was a lack of development as the project area remained
generally undeveloped farmland. However, by 1938 a dwelling was constructed in the
northwest corner of the project area. The Jeff Henson House (034-1030) is still extant (Figure
9, p. 28) (USGS 1937, 1938). After the mid-twentieth century, the only notable change in the
landscape was the construction of Interstate 81 to the southeast of the project area (Figure 10,
p. 28) (USGS 1968).
27
Figure 7: 1864 Map of the Battle of Belle Grove, Virginia (Hotchkiss 1864). The
approximate location of the project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
Figure 8: 1885 Map of the Frederick County, Virginia (Lake & Co. 1885). The approximate
location of the project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
28
Figure 9: 1937 (Left) and 1938 (Right) USGS Topographic Quadrangle Maps of
Middletown, Virginia (Left) and Winchester, Virginia (Right) (USGS 1937, 1938). The
approximate location of the project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
Figure 10: 1968 USGS Topographic Quadrangle Map of Middletown, Virginia (USGS 1968)
The approximate location of the project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
29
Some notable residential development had occurred to the northwest of the project area during
the late-twentieth century (Figure 11) (USGS 1986). A community college to the southwest
between the project area and the heart of Middletown had also been constructed by the 1980s.
In the early 2000s, the southern corner of the project area had been cleared for the construction
of the Middletown Elementary School. Along with this school, Mustang Lane was constructed
which cuts directly through the project area. Currently, the project area and surrounding
landscape has seen little development and remains wooded or agricultural in nature.
Figure 11: 1986 USGS Topographic Quadrangle Maps of Middletown, Virginia (Left) and
Stephen City, Virginia (Right) (USGS 1986a, 1986b). The approximate location of the
project area is noted by the pink circle. Not to scale.
Architectural Survey
As part of the current survey, Dovetail identified previously recorded and previously
unrecorded resources 50 years in age (construction year 1972) or older within the architectural
project area, defined as the project area plus all adjacent parcels to meet HRAB requirements.
During fieldwork, Dovetail identified a total of 13 above-ground resources within the
architectural project area: nine were previously recorded with the DHR and four were newly
recorded as part of this effort. Two of the nine previously recorded resources were not
resurveyed during this effort due to receiving a formal eligibility determination within the last
10 years, per HRAB guidelines.
Previously Recorded Resources Not Resurveyed
Two of the 13 total resources located within the architectural project area were previously
recorded and received an eligibility determination from DHR staff within the last 10 years,
thus not requiring resurvey per HRAB guidelines (Figure 12–Figure 13, pp. 30–31; Table 4, p.
32).
30
Figure 12: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Not Resurveyed During the Current
Study (VGIN 2018).
31
Figure 13: Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) on Current Aerial (VGIN 2018).
32
Table 4: Previously Recorded Resources within the Architectural Project Area Not
Resurveyed.
DHR # Resource Name/Address Date of
Construction
DHR Eligibility
Determination
034-0237 Abel Tract ca. 1910 DHR Easement (2013)
034-0303 Cedar Creek Battlefield 1864 Eligible (2020)
In 2013, the Abel Tract (034-0237) was placed under an easement held by the DHR and was
listed as a contributing resource to the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303). The main house on
the tract is a two story, three-bay, timber-framed, single-family dwelling that was constructed
circa 1810. The dwelling features an exterior-end chimney clad in stone and a standing-seam
metal roof. The dwelling was present during the Battle of Cedar Creek, but no research has
been gathered to indicate that the house was occupied by Union or Confederate soldiers. The
DHR accepted an easement over the Abel Tract, which protects approximately 65 acres of land
within the Core Area boundary defined by the CWSAC. The purchase of this easement was
funded by a grant from the Land and Water Conservation Fund and administrated by the ABPP.
A total of 55 acres is located within the Core Aera of the Cedar Creek Battlefield, while the
remainder of the property falls in the battlefield’s Study Area. Due to the battle activity located
on the property, DHR determined it retains significance for its potential to hold archaeological
sites and deposits connecting to the Battle of Cedar Creek. It is recommended to retain its
status as a property protected by a DHR easement and contributing resource to the
Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303).
In 2020, the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) was listed in the NRHP under Criterion A.
During this battle, Confederate General Jubal Early led a surprise attack against Union forces
led by Philip Sheridan along Cedar Creek. However, Sheridan led a counterattack that resulted
in a Union victory and pushed Confederate forces out of the Shenandoah Valley. A detailed
history of this battle can be found in the previous chapter “HISTORIC CONTEXT” in the
subheading “Civil War (1861–1865)” (p. 9). It is recommended to retain its status as listed
in the NRHP.
Previously Recorded Resources Resurveyed
Seven out of the 13 resources identified within the architectural project area have been
previously recorded with the DHR and all have not received a formal NRHP eligibility
evaluation from DHR staff (Figure 14, p. 33; Table 5, p. 34).
The Cooley House (034-0046) was previously recorded as a two-and-a-half story, side-gabled,
frame dwelling built around 1800 in no indiscernible style. In 1973, the property was surveyed
along with a spring house, a shed, and a barn. During the current survey, the resource was
inaccessible; however, current online aerials indicate the shed is no longer extant.
33
Figure 14: Previously Recorded Architectural Resources Resurveyed During the Current
Study (VGIN 2018).
34
Table 5: Previously Recorded Resources Surveyed During the Current Study.
DHR # Resource Name/
Address Date Previous Eligibility
Determination
Eligibility
Recommendation Photograph
034-0046 Cooley House, 934 Ridings
Mill Road. ca. 1800 Not Evaluated Further Research
Needed
034-0271 House, Route 11 S. ca. 1910 Not Evaluated Not Eligible
034-1026 Bayliss-Seaman House, 6917
Valley Pike. ca. 1900 Not Evaluated Not Eligible
034-1027
Nixon’s Motel, Plantation
Garden Apartments, 6936
Valley Pike.
ca. 1940 Not Evaluated Not Eligible
034-1028 David Dinges House/House,
7114 Valley Pike ca. 1873 Not Evaluated Further Research
Needed
35
DHR # Resource Name/
Address Date Previous Eligibility
Determination
Eligibility
Recommendation Photograph
034-1029 E.H. Randall House, 7180
Valley Pike. ca. 1900 Not Evaluated Not Eligible
034-1030 Jeff Henson House, 7165
Valley Pike ca. 1920 Not Evaluated Not Eligible
36
The House on Route 11 S. (034-0271) was constructed circa 1910 and located on the east side
of Valley Pike. During the time of this survey heavy vegetation surrounded and obscured the
dwelling and any secondary resources. In 1989, a DHR report indicated that the dwelling was
in threat of demolition and was in poor condition. The same report indicated that the dwelling
was a one-story, three-bay, wood-framed dwelling with a standing-seam metal roof. During
the current survey, the dwelling and secondary buildings were not visible from the public right-
of-way. After reviewing aerial imagery, the dwelling and all secondary resources are no longer
extant.
The Bayliss-Seaman House (034-1026) was recorded as a two-story, three-bay dwelling
constructed circa 1900 in the Colonial Revival style. The building is clad in vinyl siding and
topped with a hipped roof sheathed in asphalt shingles featuring projecting front gables and
two interior-end, brick chimneys. The windows are vinyl replacements flanked by fixed, vinyl,
paneled shutters and a partial-width porch spans the building’s three central bays on the façade.
Associated with the house is a chicken house, smoke house, stable, barn, and a garage. During
the current survey, the stables were found to be no longer extant. Alterations to the fenestration,
siding, roofing, and additions on the primary resource has resulted in a diminished historic
integrity.
Constructed around 1940, Nixon’s Motel (034-1027), also known as the Plantation Garden
Apartments, is a two-story, six-bay, frame motel constructed in the Colonial Revival style with
Greek Revival-style elements. The building is clad in a faux decorative block siding and
covered in a side-gabled roof sheathed in asphalt shingles that is pierced by one interior-end
brick chimney. Windows are vinyl replacements with sidelights and features a rounded-corner
glass-block window. A partial-width, full-height, two-story, pedimented portico featuring a
fan light spans the three central bays of the building’s façade supported by four Tuscan
columns. Two one-story, one-bay, shed-roof wings extend from the core building and are clad
in the same materials as the core. A set of motel rooms that are one-story in height and clad in
stucco and vinyl smooth stone siding are located on either side of the main building. According
to a post card of Nixon’s Motel, the wings were very early additions or more likely original to
the core of the building, but the portico on the building’s façade was added circa 1950. The
motel units constructed to the rear of the primary resource reflect the modern style (Ebay 2022).
The portico addition and replacement materials made to the primary and secondary resources
negatively impact the historic integrity of this resource.
The David Dinges House (034-1028) is two-and-a-half-story, three-bay, single-family
dwelling constructed around 1873 in a L-plan with Folk Vernacular elements. The dwelling
features a frame structural system and is covered by a cross-gabled roof sheathed in standing-
seam metal with three interior brick chimneys. A one-story, two-bay porch spans the
dwelling’s façade with bracketed chamfered columns resting on brick piers. The fenestration
includes wood-framed windows with storm casings and two sets of French doors. This
dwelling is an excellent example of vernacular architecture with Folk Victorian elements in
the region. A 1991 report stated the house had been destroyed during the Civil War and was
rebuilt in 1873, but the secondary structures including the corn crib, bank barn, shed, and meat
house appear to be from the original period of circa-1840 construction, prior to the Civil War.
The secondary buildings were not accessible for a closer evaluation to determine their dates of
construction to see if they are, in fact, a part of the original dwelling. If these were a part of the
37
original dwelling constructed prior to 1873, they would be a great collection of mid-nineteenth
century agricultural outbuildings. Furthermore, the property could have a possible connection
to the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303) according to the Civil War-era mapping (Gillespie
1864).
Constructed circa 1900, the E.H. Randall House at 7180 Valley Pike (034-1029) is a two-story,
three-bay, single-family dwelling in Colonial Revival style. The dwelling is clad in vinyl siding
topped by a hipped roof sheathed in standing-seam metal with two interior brick chimneys.
Fenestration includes vinyl replacement windows flanked by louvered shutters. A one-story,
hipped-roof, wrap-around porch spans the façade and southern elevation supported by turned
wood posts resting on piers. Associated resources include three sheds, carriage house, barn,
stable, granary, and chicken house. The modifications such as vinyl siding, vinyl window
replacements, and additions made to the primary and secondary resources have damaged the
historic integrity of the primary resource. The barn on the property still retains a moderate level
of historic integrity due to is standing-seam metal roof and weatherboard siding.
The Jeff Henson House (034-1030) is located inside the project area at the northwest corner
adjacent to Valley Pike. The building is a two-and-a-half-story, two-bay, single-family
dwelling constructed circa 1920 in a vernacular style. The frame dwelling is clad in
weatherboard and topped with a front-gabled roof sheathed in v-crimp metal. A partial-width,
hipped-roof porch spans the façade and is supported by squared wood posts. The primary
entrance, on the east elevation, enters into the living room on the first story of the dwelling.
The rest of the first floor is comprised of a kitchen with a dining room which are accessed by
two single-leaf doorways. A single-leaf wood door leads to a set of stairs that accesses the
basement. Floors appear to be carpeted and the walls and ceilings are drywalled. A wood
stairwell lined with a wood balustrade is situated at the northeast corner of the dwelling and
leads to a second story, which was inaccessible during the time of survey. In 1991, a DHR
report indicated a smoke house, two chicken houses, privy, and garage as associated resources.
During the current survey, the chicken houses and privy were no longer extant.
Of the seven previously recorded resources, five (034-0271, 034-1026, 034-1027, 034-1029,
and 034-1030) do not have outstanding architectural merit or are known to be the work of a
master. Many resources have undergone common alterations or modifications that have
impacted their historic integrity, such as replacement siding, replacement windows and doors,
and small- to medium-size additions. Deterioration from vacancy has also diminished the
integrity of the Jeff Henson House (034-1030) in particular. For these reasons, they are
recommended not eligible for individual listing in the NRHP under Criterion C. They have no
known association with a significant event or person and are not associated with any broad
patterns in history. Therefore, they are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria
A and B. As architectural resources, these properties were not evaluated under Criterion D. In
sum, these five resources (034-0271, 034-1026, 034-1027, 034-1029, and 034-1030) are
recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A–C.
The David Hinges House (034-1028) is a good example of Folk Vernacular architecture in the
Shenandoah Valley. The associated buildings still standing on the property were not visible
during the current survey and the DHR report conducted in 1991 suggested the secondary
resources could be original to the main house built prior to the Civil War, which is no longer
38
extant, rendering it potentially eligible for the National Register under Criterion C. The same
report stated that the house was destroyed during the Civil War and rebuilt years later, and
further study of the property could reveal its association with the Battle of Cedar Creek (034 -
0303). Thus, it is recommended that the David Hinges House (034-1028) requires further
research in order to make an eligibility recommendation. The Cooley House (034-0046)
was inaccessible, and details were indiscernible form the public-right-way; therefore,
additional data is warranted to render an NRHP eligibility recommendation for the
Cooley House (034-0046).
Newly Recorded Resources
Dovetail identified four previously unrecorded architectural resources over 50 years of age
within the adjacent parcels of the project area (Table 6, p. 39; Figure 15, p. 40). Two are single-
family dwellings, one is a community college, and one is a commercial building that were all
constructed between circa 1911 and circa 1970.
The house at 7233 Valley Pike (034-5427) is a frame dwelling constructed circa 1911 in a
Minimal Traditional style. The continuous concrete-block foundation supports a structural
system that is clad in vinyl siding and is covered by a cross-gabled roof that is sheathed in
asphalt shingles. Other fenestration includes six-over-six, single-hung-sash windows featuring
storm casings. Modern replacement materials and additions have altered the historic integrity
of this resource.
The Lord Fairfax Community College (034-5428) was constructed circa 1970 as steel-framed
building topped with a flat roof and clad in a stretcher-bonded brick veneer. Fenestration
includes fixed metal-framed windows. The primary entrance is filled by two double-leaf metal
commercial doors with a multilight fixed panels. Additions to the original core are located on
the building’s northeast elevation.
The Commercial Building at 6931 Valley Pike (034-5430) is a one-story, three-bay, frame
building clad in T1-11 and metal siding and topped with a flat roof with a faux mansard awning
sheathed in asphalt shingles. A fixed window and sliding window are the only fenestration.
The primary entrance is filled by a single-leaf, half-glazed, metal door. A double-leaf, six-
paneled metal door serves as the secondary entrance. Associated with the main structure is a
well covering and a shed. A sign indicated this resource was once the Sunrise Country Store
Bakery.
The house at 6889 Valley Pike (034-5429) was not visible during the time of the survey due to
vegetation blocking sight from the right-of-way. Historic aerials indicate an extant barn that is
associated with the dwelling, the primary resource, was built around 1960 (NETR 1963).
According to county records, the house rests on a concrete foundation clad in vinyl siding and
sheathed in asphalt shingles. During the current survey, the resource was inaccessible, and
details were indiscernible form the public right-of-way; and therefore, additional data is
warranted in order to render an NRHP-eligibility recommendation.
39
Table 6: Newly Recorded Resources within the Architectural Project Area
DHR # Resource Name/Address Date of Construction Eligibility
Recommendation Photograph
034-5427 House, 7233 Valley Pike ca. 1911 Not Eligible
034-5428
Lord Fairfax Community
College, 173 Skirmisher
Lane
ca. 1970 Not Eligible
034-5429 House, 6889 Valley Pike ca. 1960 Further Research Needed
034-5430 Commercial Building, 6931
Valley Pike ca.1957 Not Eligible
40
Figure 15: Newly Recorded Architectural Resources Surveyed During the Current Study
(VGIN 2018).
41
These three newly recorded architectural resources do not have outstanding architectural merit
or are known to be the work of a master. In addition, they have undergone common alterations
or modifications that have impacted their historic integrity, such as replacement siding,
replacement windows and doors, and small- to medium-size additions. Deterioration from
vacancy has also diminished the integrity of the Commercial Building at 6931 Valley Pike
(034-5430). For these reasons, they are recommended not eligible for individual listing in the
NRHP under Criterion C. They have no known association with a significant event or person
and are not associated with any broad patterns in history. Therefore, they are recommended
not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and B. As architectural resources, these properties
were not evaluated under Criterion D. In sum, these three above-ground resources (034-5427,
034-5428, and 034-5430) are recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under
Criteria A–C.
42
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43
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
On behalf of Middletown, LLC, Dovetail conducted a Phase I architectural survey of the 101-
acre Hester Trust property in Frederick County, Virginia. The 101-acre project area is located
along the east side of Valley Pike (Route 11) in southern Frederick County. The architectural
survey was completed in compliance with the criteria set forth by the Frederick County ’s
HRAB. The survey also complies with the DHR guidelines. The architectural survey examined
the architectural project area, which is defined as the project area plus all adjacent parcels, as
requested by HRAB. The goals of the survey were to identify all previously recorded and newly
identified cultural resources 50 years in age (construction year 1972) or older and to make
recommendations on the NRHP eligibility for all identified resources.
During the architectural reconnaissance-level survey, Dovetail identified a total of 13 above-
ground resources within the architectural project area (Table 7). Nine were previously recorded
with the DHR and four were newly identified as part of this effort. Two previously recorded
resources, the Abel Tract (034-0237) and the Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-0303), were both
surveyed within the last 10 years. The Abel Tract (034-0237) was inaccessible during the
time of survey; and therefore, an eligibility recommendation could not be made, and the
resource remains formally unevaluated for the NRHP. The Cedar Creek Battlefield (034-
0303) remains eligible. The David Dinges House (034-1027), Cooley House (034-0046), and
the house at 6889 Valley Pike (034-5429) are recommended for further research in order
to make an eligibility determination. The remaining eight resources (034-0271, 034-1026,
034-1027, 034-1029, 034-1030, 034-5427, 034-5428, and 034-5430) are recommended not
eligible for listing in the NRHP.
Table 7: Summary of Identified Resources and Recommendations.
DHR # Resource Name/Address Eligibility Recommendation
034-0046 Cooley House Further Research Needed
034-0237 Abel Tract DHR Easement
034-0271 House, Route 11 S Not Eligible
034-0303 Cedar Creek Battlefield Remain Eligible
034-1026 Bayliss-Seaman House Not Eligible
034-1027 Nixon’s Motel Not Eligible
034-1028 David Dinges House Further Research Needed
034-1029 E.H. Randall House Not Eligible
034-1030 Jeff Henson House Not Eligible
034-5427 House, 7233 Valley Pike Not Eligible
034-5428 Lord Fairfax Community College Not Eligible
034-5429 6889 Valley Pike Further Research Needed
034-5430 6931 Valley Pike Not Eligible
44
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APPENDIX A: QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
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YEARS EXPERIENCE
With this firm: 16
With other firms: 13
EDUCATION
PhD/Anthropology & Architectural History, 2004
MA/Anthropology, 1999
MCert/Museum Management, 1999
BA/Historic Preservation, 1994
REGISTRATIONS/QUALIFICATIONS
Registered Professional Archaeologist
Secretary of Interior Standards Qualified as
Archaeologist, Architectural Historian, and Historian
Council of Virginia Archaeologists
PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS/COMMITTEES
Board Member and Conference Committee
Chair/American Cultural Resources Association (2013–
present)
Co-Editor/Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of
Delaware (2011–present)
Member/Fredericksburg Architectural Review Board
(2010–present)
Co-Chair/Council of Virginia Archaeologists Award’s
Committee (2010–present)
Fredericksburg: The Official Guide (Editor, 2013)
A Woman in a War-Torn Town: The Journal of Jane
Howison Beale, 1850–1862 (Editor, 2011)
Tectonics in the Piedmont; Environmental Archaeology
on the Colonial Virginia Frontier. Historical
Archaeology (2010)
City of Fredericksburg Historic Preservation Plan
(Primary author, Adopted 2010)
Household Chore and Households Choices: Theorizing
the Domestic Sphere in Historical Archaeology (2004)
High Speed Rail and Linear Resources in the Mid-
Atlantic. Paper presented at the Transportation Research
Board ADC50 Conference, Richmond, Virginia (2019)
EXPERIENCE
Dr. Barile has almost 30 years of professional experience in the fields of
archaeology, architectural history, historic research, and Cultural
Resource Management (CRM). She has directed the excavation of a
wide array of archaeological sites in Virginia and across the country, and
has recorded and researched an abundance of historic buildings,
structures, districts, and objects. She has written and contributed to over
700 CRM reports, and she has extensive experience in a variety of
cultural resource, environmental, and transportation legislation
including authoring dozens of Memorandums of Agreement (MOA) and
Programmatic Agreements (PA). In addition to CRM experience, Dr.
Barile has taught university courses in historic preservation and
preservation law, architectural history, and archaeology. She has also
published numerous professional articles and papers on her studies,
including articles in Historical Archaeology and several National
Register of Historic Places nominations.
SAMPLE PROJECTS
Principal Investigator/Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor Study,
Raleigh, North Carolina, to Washington, D.C. (DRPT/NCDOT).
Cultural resource studies and project effect coordination for over 200
miles of rail and 100 miles of roadway, including the recordation of over
4,000 architectural resources and more than 100 sites, and involving
almost 100 agencies and consulting parties.
Principal Investigator/Cultural Resource Study of Slavery-Related
Sites, Stafford County, Virginia (Stafford County/DHR). CLG Grant
Program project to gather data on properties throughout the county with
ties to slavery. Work included extensive coordination with the local
community, archival research, and descendant interviews.
Principal Investigator/US Route 301 Cultural Resources Studies, New
Castle County, Delaware (DelDOT). Multi-year mega project to create a
new roadway in Delaware. Studies included Phase I, II, and III
archaeology, reconnaissance and intensive architectural studies, archival
research, museum displays, pamphlet production, public talks,
professional papers, and more.
Principal Investigator/Historic Context of Commercial Resources, 1961–
1980, Montgomery and Prince George’s County, Maryland (MDOT
SHA). Developed an extensive context and architectural evaluation guide
for recent resources in Maryland. Involved extensive agency coordination.
Principal Investigator/Roebling Historic Architectural Evaluation,
Burlington County, New Jersey (Kampack). Performed an intensive
architectural evaluation and archival research on this early-20th century
planned community to house and service workers at the nearby ironworks.
Project Manager/Interstate 95 Gerard Avenue Archaeological Studies,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PennDOT/AECOM). Manager for
Dovetail’s involvement in multiyear study to conduct archaeological data
recovery at scores of sites along the Philadelphia waterfront.
Principal Investigator/Riverfront Park, Fredericksburg, Virginia (City of
Fredericksburg). Performed extensive studies on new 3-acre urban park
including all phases of archaeology, architectural analysis, archival
research, and coordinating resource avoidance with park designers.
KERRI S. BARILE, PHD, RPA
President/Principal Investigator