HomeMy WebLinkAboutHRABAgenda2026April171.Minutes
1.A.Meeting Minutes - November 21, 2025
1.B.Meeting Minutes - February 20, 2026
2.Winchester Gateway - Conditional Use Permit
2.A.This application seeks to develop a data center campus (+/- 805,000 square feet) on +/-
71.85-acres of land zoned M1 (Light Industrial; REZ #06-23) Zoning District. The
subject property is located southwest of the intersection of Middle Road and Apple
Valley Road, and east of Route 37 in the Back Creek Magisterial District.
AGENDA
HISTORIC RESOURCES ADVISORY BOARD
FRIDAY, APRIL 17, 2026
10:00 AM
FIRST-FLOOR CONFERENCE ROOM
FREDERICK COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA
HRAB04-17-26MeetingMinutesNovember21.pdf
HRAB04-17-26MeetingMinutesFebruary20.pdf
HRAB04-17-26CUPWinchesterGateway_Redacted.pdf
HRAB04-17-26CUPWinchesterGateway_Aerial_SP_Grading_BufferExhibits.pdf
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Historic Resources Advisory Board
Agenda Item Detail
Meeting Date: April 17, 2026
Agenda Section: Minutes
Title: Meeting Minutes - November 21, 2025
Attachments:
HRAB04-17-26MeetingMinutesNovember21.pdf
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Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
Meeting Minutes
November 21, 2025
First Floor Conference Room of the County Administrative Building
107 North Kent Street, Winchester, VA
Members Present: Lucas Cook, Steve Cantu, Jack Owens, David Sforza, Gary Crawford, Robert Molden,
Elijah Filbert, Maral Kalbian and Tim Stowe, Planning Commission Liaison.
Members Absent: Nicholas Powers and Dana Newcomb.
Staff Present: Eric Bittner, John Bishop, and Wyatt Pearson.
Agenda Items:
The meeting was called to order at 10:00 a.m.
Item 1: Minutes
Nick Powers made a motion to approve the July 18, 2025, meeting minutes and was seconded by Dana
Newcomb. The motion was unanimously approved.
Item 2: Virginia Technology Park Rezoning Application
Staff provided information on the proposed rezoning (REZ) application for a +/- 238.57-acre properties
from the RA (Rural Areas) Zoning District to the TM (Technology-Manufacturing Park) Zoning District with
proffers. The properties are located west of the Interstate 81 Exit 323, west of Zachary Ann Lane (Route
825), and south of Rest Church Road (Route 669) in the Stonewall Magisterial District (PIN’s 33-A-88; 33-
A-89; 33-A-90 and 33-9-1A).
Randall Minchew with Walsh, Colucci, Lubeley & Walsh provided more background on the project.
Members discussed the subject properties.
Jack Owens made a motion to recommend a Phase 1 Archeological survey be conducted on the subject
properties and was seconded by Gary Crawford. The motion passed unanimously.
Item 3: Historic Preservation Funding
HRAB reviewed and provided desired edits to the drafted application for the Historic Preservation Grant,
including parameters and application requirements. The Board reached consensus that the application
should be distributed by December 30th and applications were due by January 31st.
Item 4: Conservation Easement Authority Liaison
HRAB instructed staff to communicate with the Conservation Easement Authority (CEA) to see if there is
interest in having respective liaisons between the boards.
The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 a.m.
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Historic Resources Advisory Board
Agenda Item Detail
Meeting Date: April 17, 2026
Agenda Section: Minutes
Title: Meeting Minutes - February 20, 2026
Attachments:
HRAB04-17-26MeetingMinutesFebruary20.pdf
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Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
Meeting Minutes
February 20, 2026
First Floor Conference Room of the County Administrative Building
107 North Kent Street, Winchester, VA
Members Present: Lucas Cook (virtual), Nicholas Powers, Gary Crawford, Delane Karalow, Steve Cantu,
Michael Swedberg, Dana Newcomb, Maral Kalbian and Justin Kerns, Planning Commission Liaison.
Members Absent: Jack Owens and Elijah Filbert.
Staff Present: Eric Bittner, Wyatt Pearson, and Tyler Klein.
Agenda Items:
The meeting was called to order at 10:00 a.m.
Item 1: Introductions – New Members
Eric Bittner introduced Commissioner Justin Kerns as the new Planning Commission Liaison. The HRAB
members introduced themselves.
Item 2: HRAB Business – Election of Chair and Vice Chair
Eric opened the floor for nominations for Chairman. Gary Crawford made motion to nominate Lucas
Cook and Steve Cantu seconded the motion. The floor was closed for nominations. The vote was
unanimous for Lucas Cook as the Chairman.
Eric opened the floor for nominations for Vice-Chairman. Gary Crawford made motion to nominate Steve
Cantu and Steve Cantu declined the position. Steve Cantu nominated Nicholas Powers and Gary
Crawford seconded the motion. The floor was closed for nominations. The vote was unanimous for Nick
Powers as the Vice-Chairman.
Steve Cantu made a motion to move Item 4: Historic Restoration grant Review to take place ahead Item
3: Winchester Gateway – Conditional Use Permit. No objection.
Item 4: Historic Restoration Grant Review
Eric Bittner provided a summary of the two received applications for the Heater House Restoration and
the St. Thomas Chapel Restoration requests. Maral Kalbian asked if there was a schedule of completion
of the Heater House project. Eric Bittner responded that he believed there was one included in the
budget, but he would need to confirm.
Maral Kalbian suggested that additional time be given for more applications, citing the short submittal
window. Gary Crawford agreed, stating that he had heard from organizations who were not aware of the
program. Discussion ensued. Gary Crawford made a motion to extend the application window to May
31st, and to consider the two applications after that time with any additional applications and Delane
Karalow seconded the motion. The vote was passed unanimously.
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Item 3: Winchester Gateway – Conditional Use Permit
Tyler Klein provided an overview of the application to develop a data center campus (+/- 805,000 square
feet) on +/- 71.85-acres of land zoned M1(Light Industrial) Zoning District. The subject property is
located southwest of the intersection of Middle Road and Apple Valley Road, and east of Route 37 in the
Back Creek Magisterial District.
Chris Mohn with Greenway Engineering and Thomas Lawson represented the applicant. Chris Mohn
provided more background on the project. Members discussed the previous recommendations from the
rezoning and the potential impacts on the nearby Kernstown Battlefield and historic properties.
Delane Karalow made a motion to recommend denial of the application due to the viewshed impacts on
the historic properties.
On a motion made by Gary Crawford to reconsider the application and seconded by Nick Powers. The
vote was passed unanimously. Mr. Kerns stated that the Planning Commission would benefit more from
recommended conditions instead of denial. Wyatt Pearson agreed it would be more productive to
provide recommended conditions. Tyler Klein reminded the Board of the 60’ height limit. Wyatt Pearson
suggested that the applicant can return to the Board with more information.
Discussion ensued. Delane Karalow made a motion to amend her motion to recommend denial to be a
motion to table the application until the applicant was able to return with a viewshed analysis,
specifically from the Kernstown Battlefield property and Sandy Ridge property(PIN 62-6-1), clarification
on the implementation of a Phase 1 archeological survey and results conducted on the property, and a
third party review of the Phase 1 study from the local DHR office and Shenandoah Valley Battlefields
Foundation (SVBF). Steve Cantu seconded. Motion passed unanimously.
The meeting was adjourned at 11:37 a.m.
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Historic Resources Advisory Board
Agenda Item Detail
Meeting Date: April 17, 2026
Agenda Section: Winchester Gateway - Conditional Use Permit
Title: This application seeks to develop a data center campus (+/- 805,000 square feet) on +/-71.85-
acres of land zoned M1 (Light Industrial; REZ #06-23) Zoning District. The subject property is located
southwest of the intersection of Middle Road and Apple Valley Road, and east of Route 37 in the Back
Creek Magisterial District.
Attachments:
HRAB04-17-26CUPWinchesterGateway_Redacted.pdf
HRAB04-17-26CUPWinchesterGateway_Aerial_SP_Grading_BufferExhibits.pdf
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COUNTY of FREDERICK
Department of Planning and Development
540/ 665-5651
Fax: 540/ 665-6395
MEMORANDUM
TO: Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
FROM: M. Tyler Klein, AICP, Senior Planner
SUBJECT: Conditional Use Permit – Winchester Gateway (data center)
DATE: April 9, 2026
Proposal:
This conditional use permit (CUP) application seeks to develop a data center campus (+/- 805,000 square
feet) on +/-71.85-acres of land zoned M1 (Light Industrial; REZ #06-23) Zoning District. The subject
property is located southwest of the intersection of Middle Road and Apple Valley Road, and east of Route
37 in the Back Creek Magisterial District.
Summary & Requested Action:
The Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) discussed this CUP at their February 20, 2026, regular
meeting and tabled providing a recommendation. In their discussion, the HRAB requested the applicant
provide the previously completed Phase I study, circulate the Phase I study to the Department of Historic
Resources (DHR) and the Shenandoah Valley Battlefield Association (SVBA) for comment, and provide
viewshed analysis and building elevations of proposed structures. The HRAB expressed concern with the
proposed 60-foot-tall structures impacting views from Kernstown Battlefield property and other historic
properties in the vicinity of the project.
Staff are seeking a recommendation and any potential conditions from the HRAB to forward to the Planning
Commission.
Attachments: 1. Site Assessment – Winchester Gateway – Revised February 2026
2. Aerial, Site Plan Rendering, Grading and Buffers Exhibits
3. Phase I Archeological Survey – Final Report – August 2023
4. Letter to SVBF
5. Viewshed Analysis
6. Proffer Statement – REZ#06-23
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Winchester Gateway LLC (Applicant) – Data Center
Revised February 13, 2026
Site Assessment for Conditional Use Permit Application Parcel 63-A-801
Introduction and Overview
Winchester Gateway LLC respectfully requests a Conditional Use Permit (CUP) to authorize the
development of a data center campus on Parcel 63-A-801. Granting Applicant’s request for a
Conditional Use Permit on its Property to allow for a data center will have a positive impact on
the community by generating economic diversity through the creation of high-paying
employment opportunities and contributing to the commercial tax base within the County. The
proposed development, situated in the M1 (Light Industrial) Zoning District, aligns with
Frederick County’s goals of fostering economic diversity and fiscal sustainability. In addition,
the non-residential development proposed for the Property will decrease demands and impacts on
County and community facilities such as schools, parks and libraries as residential development
will not occur on the Property. The proposed development is not anticipated to negatively impact
the County’s public safety facilities, and the Applicant has worked closely with County
stakeholders to ensure that potential impacts are addressed as part of this Application.
Fiscal and Economic Impact
The proposed data center will serve as a substantial economic driver for Frederick County,
characterized by a high revenue-to-expense ratio that will benefit the local tax base without
burdening public services. According to the Economic Impact Analysis prepared by MuniCap,
Inc., the project is projected to generate approximately $19 million annually in gross tax revenue
for Frederick County upon full buildout and stabilization. This revenue stream is comprised
primarily of Business Personal Property Tax, estimated at $16.48 million annually, and Real
Property Tax, estimated at $2.35 million annually. Over a thirty-year period, the cumulative
general fund revenue contribution to the County is projected to exceed $635 million.
In addition to direct fiscal contributions, the proposed development will serve as a catalyst for
employment. The construction phase is expected to support approximately 4,678 direct full-time
equivalent (FTE) jobs, generating over $441 million in labor income. Once operational, the
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facility will support 155 direct permanent jobs with an average annual income of $86,000, which
is consistent with the County’s goals for attracting high-wage employment. Unlike residential
developments, data centers do not generate new students for the school system or require
significant county services, allowing the surplus tax revenue to directly fund County priorities
such as education, public safety, and infrastructure.
Transportation and Traffic Impact
A primary advantage of the proposed data center over the previously approved industrial use is a
dramatic reduction in traffic generation. A Transportation Overview indicates that the data center
use will generate significantly less traffic than the industrial park, allowed by-right for the site.
Specifically, the data center proposal results in a reduction of 1,925 daily vehicle trips compared
to the approved industrial use. This reduction is particularly beneficial during critical commuter
windows, with projections showing 172 fewer trips during the AM peak hour (a 63% reduction)
and 240 fewer trips during the PM peak hour (an 87% reduction).
Despite this reduction in traffic volume, the Applicant remains committed to the roadway
improvements proffered during the prior zoning action to ensure maximum safety and efficiency.
These commitments include widening Apple Valley Road to consistent cross-sections and
installing a left-turn lane at the site driveway. With the significantly reduced traffic load inherent
to data center operations, these improvements will provide Apple Valley Road with greater
reserve capacity than originally anticipated.
Noise Impact and Mitigation
The Applicant has prioritized acoustical engineering to ensure the Winchester Gateway Data
Center not only complies with, but is projected to operate at or below, Frederick County’s
maximum allowable noise limits. An Environmental Noise Study prepared by Salas O’Brien
(November 21, 2025) utilized SoundPLAN modeling software to evaluate noise emissions under
normal operating conditions and during generator testing scenarios.
Field measurements confirm that the existing acoustic environment in the area is heavily
influenced by roadway traffic. Daytime ambient noise levels along Apple Valley Road average
approximately 63–64 dB(A), while Route 37 produces levels in the range of 67–68 dB(A). The
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proposed facility is designed to blend into these daytime background conditions and to minimize
potential intrusion during quieter nighttime periods.
The Frederick County Zoning Ordinance requires that data centers not exceed 65 dB(A) during
daytime hours and 60 dB(A) during nighttime hours at the property line. The Salas O’Brien
modeling indicates the Project will maintain meaningful safety margins at all boundaries. Along
the northern property line adjacent to Apple Valley Road, the facility is projected to reach
approximately 55 dB(A) during normal operations and 56 dB(A) during generator testing. Noise
levels along the remaining property lines are projected to be lower, ranging from approximately
47 dB(A) at the northwest boundary to 54 dB(A) at the southwest boundary during normal
operations.
It is also important to note that the Property is zoned M1 (Light Industrial), and under County
Code, certain by-right industrial uses may generate noise levels up to 70 dB(A) at the property
line. By comparison, the proposed data center’s modeled noise levels—generally in the mid-to-
high 40s through mid-50s dB(A), with higher levels during testing still below applicable
thresholds—represent a substantially quieter land use than what could otherwise be developed on
the site.
To achieve this performance, the Applicant will incorporate specific noise mitigation measures
into the Project’s design and equipment selection. These measures include rooftop parapet walls
to block line-of-sight to rooftop equipment and reduce sound propagation, the use of low-sound
fan options, acoustic wraps for compressors, and high-performance mufflers on exhaust stacks,
and the placement of emergency generators within sound-rated enclosures designed to minimize
noise during operation.
Operational protocols will further reduce potential impacts by restricting generator testing and
maintenance cycling to weekdays between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., consistent with County
requirements. The Applicant also commits to the post-construction monitoring provisions of §
165-204.41, which require a certified noise study 12 months after the first certificate of
occupancy and every five years thereafter to verify continued compliance.
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Impacts on Surrounding Uses and Historic Sites
The project layout has been designed to maximize compatibility with adjacent properties,
including the nearby Kernstown Battlefield and residential uses along Apple Valley Road. To
minimize visual impacts, the layout provides a substantial 200-foot setback from Apple Valley
Road and adjacent residential zoning districts (RA, RP, and R4). Within this setback, the
Applicant commits to installing a Category C full-screen buffer utilizing berms and dense
plantings to visually screen the facility from neighbors.
Architectural treatments and building scale have also been tailored to the site's context. Building
heights will be capped at 60 feet, consistent with M1 zoning standards, ensuring the scale of the
structures remains compatible with the surrounding viewshed. The use of high-quality materials
was part of the existing M1 proffers and will further ensure the development enhances the
existing industrial character of the immediate area.
Power and Utilities
The project is already served by significant utilities to include public water and sewer, natural
gas and electricity. On the site there are significant 138kv power lines that connect to an existing
substation immediately across Rt. 37 from the Winchester Gateway site. The Applicant
anticipates a maximum transmission voltage requirement of 160 MW to support operation of the
proposed data center. As such, the Applicant is in the process of working with local electric
cooperatives and First Energy to confirm available power to the site and also the scope of needed
enhancements for the delivery of additional power to the site. Because of the existing and
installed infrastructure, the delivery of additional power to the site as the proposed data center
develops and expands will be of no impact to adjoining properties. The additional power is
already being planned to be delivered to the site and substation, and the Winchester Gateway
development is a planned participant to use the power. There will be the need to build an
additional substation on the Winchester Gateway site as part of the proposed data center use.
That substation, which will be built at the sole cost of Winchester Gateway, will be installed in a
manner so that it is behind the already proffered screening which was part of the approved
rezoning.
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With respect to water usage, the facility will utilize a closed-loop or air-cooled mechanical
system. This technology will enable the facility to limit its water usage to a maximum of 35,000
gallons per day (GPD), thereby minimizing the impact on public water resources compared to
traditional water-cooled facilities. That said, daily water usage will fluctuate in response to time-
of-year conditions, resulting in water usage that occasionally exceeds the GDP projection, but
when averaged based on annual usage, will fall within the 35,000 GDP threshold.
Impact on Public Parks
The Winchester Gateway site is not proximate to any existing or planned public parks.
Development of a data center on the site will therefore have no impact on any such public
facilities.
Impact on Agricultural Resources
The Winchester Gateway site is located within an area of Frederick County designated for
Industrial land use by the Comprehensive Plan, meaning neither the site nor immediately
contiguous land are envisioned to contain or otherwise support agricultural activities. Consistent
with this expectation, the site neither contains nor adjoins any active agricultural resources. As
such, the development of a data center on the Winchester Gateway site will not impact Frederick
County’s agricultural base.
Impact on Forestland
Neither the Winchester Gateway site nor immediately contiguous land contains forestland
resources. Development of a data center on the site will therefore have no impact on forestland
resources.
Conclusion
The Winchester Gateway Data Center represents a high-value, low-impact land use that is
consistent with the Frederick County Comprehensive Plan. By granting the Conditional Use
Permit, the County secures nearly $19 million in annual tax revenue and significant job growth
while simultaneously reducing traffic congestion compared to the previously approved industrial
plans. Through advanced acoustical engineering, extensive site buffering, and architectural
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design, the Applicant has ensured the project will remain compatible and beneficial to the
community.
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PHASE I ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE
APPLE VALLEY ROAD TRACT,
WINCHESTER, FREDERICK COUNTY, VIRGINIA
FINAL REPORT
Prepared For:
Winchester Gateway, LLC
15 South King St.
Leesburg, VA 20175
Prepared By:
P.O. Box 4265
Silver Spring, Maryland 20914
Jay Lunze, Karl Franz
Lyle Torp (Principal Investigator)
August 2023
THEOGTTERY ROUP
15
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract i
Executive Summary
The Ottery Group
Executive Summary
This report presents the findings of a Phase I archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road
development tract in Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia. Winchester Gateway plans to develop
two parcels of undeveloped land totaling 71.85 acres. At the time of survey, no specific land usage
has been determined for the development of the parcel.
The Phase I archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road Tract was conducted as part of the due
diligence prior to the pending development of the property. Depending on the development of the
property that occurs, the development will likely come under review of the Historic Resources
Advisory Board (HRAB), which advises the Frederick County Planning Commission on potential
impacts to known historic and archeological resources, or the Virginia Department of Historic
Resources (VDHR), which would be required based upon permits that may be required for
development.
Archeological fieldwork for the Phase I survey consisted of the excavation of 1 ,580 shovel test pits
across the proposed development tract. Archeological testing was conducted at 15-meter intervals,
supplemented with close interval testing around clusters of positive test pits. The testing resulted in
197 positive test pits; 144 positive STPs containing chert debitage and tool fragments associated with
pre-contact Native American land use and 53 positive STPs containing historic period artifacts dating
from the mid-18th through 20th centuries. A total of five archeological sites were identified on the
property during the Phase I survey. These were designated 44FK1076 to 44FK1080.
The Apple Valley Road Tract falls within the boundaries of the National Register-eligible Kernstown
Battlefield (034-0007) which was expanded to include the project area in 2011. A metal detection
survey was conducted across all areas of the APE where vegetation permitted. A total of 7 metal
objects were recovered from 11 targets, with 20th and 21st century aluminum beverage cans noted but
not collected. No potential military artifacts were found, although local residents described collecting
Civil War material from the property in the past. No members of the local community were willing
to bring in their finds for photography and cataloging.
Site 44FK1076 is a dense cluster of 18th and 19th century domestic artifacts, possibly associated with
the David Glass, Sr. homestead. Glass purchased the property in 1749 and appears to have remained
in the family for three generations, until approximately 1850. The site is relatively intact and does not
contain later 20th century materials. A wide variety of ceramics recovered from the site suggests a
long duration of habitation, and the potential for encountering intact features is high. Metal
detection within the site resulted in the recovery of additional artifacts. A Phase II investigation is
recommended to establish the National Register eligibility of the site.
Site 44FK1077 is a large moderately dense scatter of pre-contact Native American lithic artifacts with
a light scatter of 18th to 19th century domestic artifacts at a springhead. The majority of the lithic
artifacts recovered consist of local Beekmantown chert shatter. The site yielded one lithic tool, a
nondiagnostic hafted scraper. Two fragments of unidentified pre-contact ceramic were also
recovered. The pre-contact component is interpreted as a repeated use Woodland period lithic
extraction site. The historic materials are likely associated with the more concentrated site 44FK1076
directly to the north of it and may represent a springhouse or other outbuilding. The ephemeral
nature of the site suggests that intact cultural deposits are unlikely. Based upon the presence of
Native American tools and ceramics as well as 18th century material culture, a Phase II
investigation is recommended to establish the National Register eligibility of the site.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract ii
Executive Summary
The Ottery Group
Site 44FK1078 is a low density scatter of pre-contact lithic material similar to Site 44FK1077. No
tools or diagnostic artifacts were recovered from the site. The site is interpreted as a repeated use
lithic extraction site. The site is not considered to represent a significant archeological
resource and no additional testing is recommended.
Site 44FK1079 is a small scatter of pre-contact lithic material consisting of seven artifacts. No tools
or diagnostic artifacts were recovered. It is likely that the site is a resource extraction site. The site
is not considered a significant archeological resource and no additional testing is
recommended.
Site 44FK1080 is a cluster of pre-contact lithic artifacts found on the north of an artificial pond and
along the original spring running through the property. The site contained a moderate density of
artifacts, none of which are chronologically diagnostic. The artifact assemblage is consistent with the
other sites within the project area. The only anomalous artifact was a possible nutting stone, which
suggests that the site may be more than a temporary resource extraction camp. The site is not
considered to meet the criteria for significance and no additional testing is recommended.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract iii
Table of Contents
The Ottery Group
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................ iv
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
2.0 Project Area Location and Description .............................................................................................. 3
3.0 Environmental and Historical Background ....................................................................................... 9
3.1 Environmental Context ................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.1 Paleo-Climate ............................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2 Modern Climate, Flora, and Fauna .........................................................................................10
3.2 Pre-contact Cultural Sequence ...................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Paleoindian Period.....................................................................................................................10
3.2.2 Archaic Period ...........................................................................................................................11
3.2.3 Woodland Period .......................................................................................................................12
3.3 Historic Background ...................................................................................................................13
3.3.1 Tract History ..............................................................................................................................19
3.4 Previous Surveys ..........................................................................................................................22
3.5 Above-Ground Resources ..........................................................................................................24
3.6 Typical Cultural Resources Expected in the Project Area ....................................................24
4.0 Research Design and Methods ..........................................................................................................27
4.1 Research Design ...........................................................................................................................27
4.2 Archival Research ........................................................................................................................27
4.3 Field Methods ...............................................................................................................................27
4.4 Laboratory Methods ....................................................................................................................28
5.0 Results ....................................................................................................................................................29
5.1 STP Testing ...................................................................................................................................29
5.2 Metal Detection ............................................................................................................................39
5.3 Discussion .....................................................................................................................................42
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................................................45
6.1 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................45
7.0 References Cited ..................................................................................................................................47
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Location of the project area on the 2022 USGS Winchester,VA quadrangle map. ............. 4
Figure 2.2: Soils within the project area.. ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2.3: Terrain and vegetation in the west central portion of the project area, near Site
44FK1076. ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.4: Spring in the southern portion of the project area. ................................................................... 6
Figure 2.5: Filled sinkhole near the artificial pond. ........................................................................................ 7
Figure 2.6: Pile of demolished split rail fence at a former property boundary within the project area. 7
Figure 2.7: Outcropping of chert nodules within the host Beekmantown dolostone. ............................ 8
Figure 3.1: Approximate location of the project area on the 1809 Charles Varle
Map of Frederick, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties in the State of Virginia. .....................................15
Figure 3.2: Location of the Area of Potential Effects on the Hotchkiss
Map of the Battle of Kernstown, Sunday, 23 March, 1862. ..................................................17
Figure 3.4: Location of the project area on the 1885 D.J. Lake and Company
Atlas of Frederick County, Virginia. ...............................................................................................22
Figure 3.5: Location of the project area on a 1958 aerial photograph. ......................................................22
Figure 5.1: Location of Archeological Testing. .............................................................................................31
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract iv
Table of Contents
The Ottery Group
Figure 5.2: Representative STP Profiles. ........................................................................................................33
Figure 5.3: Selected historic period artifacts from Site 44FK1076. ............................................................35
Figure 5.4: Selected pre-contact artifacts from Site 44FK1077. .................................................................37
Figure 5.5: Selected pre-contact artifacts from Site 44FK1080. .................................................................39
Figure 5.6: Results of metal detector survey. .................................................................................................40
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Previously recorded archeological sites within one mile of the project area. .........................23
Table 5.1: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1076. ....................................................................................34
Table 5.2: Pre-Contact Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FK1077. ............................................................36
Table 5.3: Historic Period Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FK1077. ......................................................37
Table 5.4: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1078. ....................................................................................38
Table 5.5: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1079. ....................................................................................38
Table 5.6: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1080. ....................................................................................38
Table 5.7: Results of metal detector survey. ...................................................................................................41
Table 5.8: Metal detection results within Site 44FK1076. ...........................................................................41
Appendices
Appendix A: Artifact Catalogs
Appendix B: VCRIS Site Forms
Appendix C: Qualifications of Investigators
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 1
Section 1 – Introduction
The Ottery Group
1.0 Introduction
The Ottery Group conducted a Phase I archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road Tract in
Frederick County, Virginia. The project area comprises 71.85 acres of former agricultural land
southwest of the City of Winchester. The Phase I archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road
property was conducted prior to the pending development of the property. The planned
development will be subject to review by the Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB), which
advises the Frederick County Planning Commission on potential impacts to known historic and
archeological resources, or the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR), which would be
required based upon the need for state or federal permits for the planned development.
The Phase I archeological survey consisted of background research, field survey, artifact processing
and cataloging, and report preparation. Fieldwork was conducted between June 16th and July 21,
2023. The archeological survey consisted of the excavation of 1,435 shovel test pits excavated at 15-
meter intervals, with an additional 145 7.5-meter interval radial tests used to bound artifact
concentrations.
Subsequent metal detector survey was conducted within all accessible areas within the project area to
determine the presence of material culture associated with the National Register-eligible Kernstown
Battlefield.
The methods for completing this Phase I archeological survey follow the recommended approach in
the Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Virginia (VDHR 2017). The metal detector
survey was conducted in accordance with the VDHR guidelines for specialized testing of military
sites (VDHR 2017:45-47). All technical staff assigned to this project meet the Secretary of the Interior’s
Professional Standards for Archaeology (36 CFR 61).
The following chapters discuss the environmental and cultural conditions and backgrounds of the
project area and Frederick County. The report also details the field and laboratory methods as well
as the results of the archeological survey. The last chapter summarizes the survey work performed
and provides a conclusion on the identified cultural resources and future research potential within the
project area.
21
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 2
Section 1 – Introduction
The Ottery Group
22
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 3
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
2.0 Project Area Location and Description
The Apple Valley Road Tract is situated along a corridor of shipping warehouses located at the
junction of Virginia Route 37 and Interstate 81 outside of the City of Winchester, Virginia. The
project area is accessible via Middle Road (Route 628) on the north and by Apple Valley Road (Route
652) on the east (Figure 2.1). Apple Valley Road continues southeast until it intersects Route
11/Main Street/Valley Pike, the primary road through the region prior to the construction of
Interstate 81 and the main north-south route across the Shenandoah Valley.
The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the planned development is drawn to include the maximum
extend of impacts by potential development. Because there are no development schematics, the
APE for the archeological survey includes the entire property. Archeological survey was conducted
across the entirety of both parcels within the development tract.
Terrain within the project area consists of an upland ridge running through the center of the project
area, with terrain gently sloping to the north-east and south-west. Outcroppings associated with the
Beekmantown Group geologic unit appear across the whole of the northern half of the property,
with chert nodules weathering out of the exposed bedrock. The southern half of the APE is
characterized as hummocky karst topography with hydric soils bounded by small elevation rises of
dryer ground.
The project area is situated within the Great Valley subprovince of the Valley and Ridge
physiographic province. The Great Valley is a continuous basin that extends along the eastern edge
of the Appalachian Mountains through several states. It is characterized by broad valleys,
meandering streams, and rolling hills bounded by steeply sloping ridges (Bailey 1999).
The APE ranges in elevation from 839 to 781 ft. above sea level. The landscape surrounding the
APE is part of the Opequon Creek drainage and is comprised of an eroded karst topography, this
includes at least one disappearing stream which runs underground throughout the southernmost part
of the APE before emerging to become Hoge Run to the Southeast, this drains into the Opequon
Creek proper 1.5 miles south of the APE. The Opequon Creek comes closest to the APE on its
western boundary being just under a mile away. As mentioned previously, a spring head drains into
the disappearing stream that connects to Hoge Run along the western boundary of the APE with the
low ridge making a drainage boundary. The disappearing stream reappears at the southeastern most
corner of the APE and a large cattle pond has been created at this location as a catchment basin
(Figure 2.1).
The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service Web Soil
Survey maps four different upland soils within the project area (Figure 2.2). The soils are
characterized as well-drained soils found in upland settings; ridges, interfluves, and mountain slopes
(NRCS 2023). These soils belong to the Frederick-Poplimento series. The most common soil is the
Oaklet silt loam, 7-15% slopes, which covers approximately 60% of the project area in its southern
expanse. The other soils, the Frederick-Poplimento very rocky loam, 2-7% slopes, and Frederick-
Poplimento loam, 2-7% slopes, each account for approximately 15% of the project area respectively.
A small area along the northern edge of State Route 37 is comprised of soils of the Swimley silt loam,
2-7% slopes and makes up the remainder of the APE.
23
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 4
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
Figure 2.1: Location of the project area on the 2022 USGS Winchester, VA quadrangle map.
24
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 5
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
Figure 2.2: Soils within the project area.
25
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 6
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
Figure 2.3: Terrain and vegetation in the west central portion of the project area.
Figure 2.4: Spring in the southern portion of the project area.
26
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 7
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
Figure 2.5: Filled sinkhole near the artificial pond.
Figure 2.6: Pile of demolished split rail fence at a former property boundary within the
project area.
27
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 8
Section 2- Project Area Location and Description
The Ottery Group
Figure 2.7: Outcropping of chert nodules within the host Beekmantown dolostone.
28
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 9
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
3.0 Environmental and Historical Background
3.1 Environmental Context
The natural environment has been an important determinant of settlement and subsistence patterns
during pre-contact and historic occupations of the region. Specific environmental characteristics,
such as soils and proximity to water, influenced the quantity and variety of resources available to pre-
contact Native Americans (i.e., wild plants, animals, and raw lithic materials for the manufacture of
stone tools). In a broader sense, climate effects the distribution of fauna, flora, and the nature and
distribution of soils. Climate also influences where people travel or settle and how they exploit
natural resources in their surroundings. Throughout the Middle Atlantic region, the locations and
types of pre-contact sites are closely correlated with the modern biophysical environment (ca. 3,000
BP-Present) and with paleoenvironments (ca. 12,000-3,000 BP).
3.1.1 Paleo-Climate
The climate of the Middle Atlantic region underwent a series of changes following the retreat of the
glaciers at the end of the Pleistocene. An understanding of climatic change is important in
understanding the environmental conditions facing pre-contact Native Americans and how
adaptation to these conditions shaped human settlement patterns and subsistence. Climatic episodes
defined by Carbone (1976) for the Shenandoah Valley are applicable to the project area. The
vegetation history of the project area may be inferred from general vegetation histories of the Middle
Atlantic region that have been developed from data provided by fossilized pollen. Plant
communities also influence the faunal resources that were available in the past.
The last glacial episode reached its peak at approximately 18,000 BP. The glaciation occurring at the
terminal Pleistocene had profound effects upon the climate of the Middle Atlantic region. The
climate during this time was cool and wet; average temperatures were several degrees lower than
present (Carbone 1976). Surface runoff from the retreating glaciers and heavy precipitation resulted
in numerous upland bogs and poorly drained lowlands (Custer and Wallace 1982). A relatively open
forest dominated by spruce and pine was the predominant vegetative cover. Moist climatic
conditions during this episode promoted the development of uplands and increased wetland areas
associated with stream drainages. These vegetation communities would have provided unique sets of
resources and unique resource distributions for Paleoindian and Early Archaic populations.
Between 10,000 and 8,500 BP, the effects of the ice sheet began to diminish. The primary change
during this time was the rise in sea levels resulting in the slow inundation of many river valleys. The
most pronounced embayment in the Middle Atlantic region occurred with the drowning of the
Susquehanna River, which resulted in the formation of the Chesapeake Bay. This rise in sea level
would have affected all tributaries to the Bay, including locations far away from its shores. Possible
results of this rise include a cessation of stream incision, a decrease in stream competency that results
in an increase in deposition throughout the drainage basin, and an increase in headwater erosion.
During this time, seasonality increased and deciduous forests spread. Many Pleistocene fauna
became extinct or migrated out of the region altogether.
Between 8,500 and 5,000 BP, the climate was warmer and more humid (Custer 1984), becoming
increasingly warmer and drier, with the warmest and driest period from 5,000 to 4,000 BP (Carbone
1976). With increasing deciduous constituents, the resources available to Middle Archaic
occupations changed. An increase in nut-bearing trees also might have resulted in an increase in
small foraging animals. Anadromous fish increase in number by the end of this climatic episode.
29
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 10
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
The warmer and drier climatic conditions resulted in the draining of bogs and pocosins, which
decreased the number of water sources available across the landscape.
The period between 5,000 and 3,000 BP has been interpreted as a xerothermic climate regime
(Carbone 1976), which resulted in fewer lower order streams and a concentration of resources in
lowlands (Custer and Wallace 1982). By the end of this climatic episode, climax forests dominated by
mixed oak-hickory-pine were established composing a community similar to modern forest
communities. The Late Holocene (3,000 to the present) represents essentially modern climatic
conditions, although several climatic perturbations are suggested after the beginning of this period.
3.1.2 Modern Climate, Flora, and Fauna
Frederick County is located in the middle latitudes with prevailing winds generally flowing from
northwest to southeast. These conditions provide for a continental climate with well-defined annual
seasons. Temperatures in Frederick County vary from an average daily high temperature of 41.7
degrees Fahrenheit (°F) in January to 86.6°F in July. An average of 38.43 inches of precipitation falls
over the course of a year, with highest amounts in June and July. There is an average annual snowfall
of 27.8 inches (Holmes and Wagner 1987).
3.2 Pre-contact Cultural Sequence
Frederick County is located within the Mid-Atlantic culture area, which is traditionally defined as
extending from the Dismal Swamp of the North Carolina/Virginia border to the Hudson estuary in
New York, and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean.
There are three general pre-contact Native Americans cultural traditions recognized in the Mid-
Atlantic region: Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland. Originally developed as cultural historical units
primarily intended to classify temporal and spatial site attributes, these traditions are defined by
diagnostic artifact forms and assemblages. In more recent years, this scheme has been modified to
emphasize cultural adaptations to changing ecological conditions.
3.2.1 Paleoindian Period
The Paleoindian period (ca. 12,000-6,500 BP) represents human occupation and utilization of the
lands representing a tundra-like environment following the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciers circa
11,000 B.C. (Dent 1995). Classical models of Paleoindian traditions propose a hunting and foraging
subsistence pattern focused on extinct megafauna, pursued by highly mobile, opportunistic
populations organized as bands composed of multiple family groups.
These models, largely derived from Paleoindian sites identified west of the Appalachian chain, have
proved to be not directly applicable to eastern North America, where direct association between
Paleoindian artifacts and extinct megafauna has not been identified. There is also material evidence
to support the hypothesis that Eastern Paleoindian populations exploited of a wider range of
resources, perhaps most notably the findings at the Shawnee-Minisink site along the Delaware River
in the Upper Delaware Valley (McNett 1985). Thus, Paleoindian populations were mobile,
frequently changing location throughout the year within a territory in order to utilize available
resources. Gardner’s research at the Flint Run Complex in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia
(Gardner 1974, 1977, 1979) has identified several types of sites organized around the base camp,
which was the main focus of habitation by aggregate bands. Base camps tend to have heterogeneous
artifact assemblages, in contrast to smaller special purpose sites that were occupied by smaller groups
for shorter periods of time to make use of seasonally available resources. Base camps were tied to
30
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 11
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
quarry sites where high-quality cryptocrystalline lithic materials were extracted for stone tool
manufacture (Gardner 1977, Goodyear 1979). Gardner (1974) and others (Witthoft 1953) have also
proposed that upland settings were utilized as they offered a vantage point from which to observe
migrating animals. Smaller camps and special use sites radiate from the base camps in varying
distances.
Gardner (1974) notes that Paleoindians placed an emphasis on hunting, although it is most likely that
exploitation of available floral resources were also a critical component of Paleoindian subsistence
strategies. In many areas, Paleoindian sites are associated with large Pleistocene megafauna such as
mammoth and mastodon, however, Gardner (1980) notes that the hunting economy probably
focused on deer, elk, and possibly caribou. Diagnostic projectile point forms include (from earliest
to latest) Clovis, Mid-Paleo, and Dalton-Hardaway. Although the Thunderbird site is located in
nearby Warren County, no archeological sites with Paleoindian components have been recorded in
Frederick County.
3.2.2 Archaic Period
The Archaic Period (8,500-3,000 BP) spans a great amount of time and substantial cultural change in
the eastern United States, and is traditionally divided into three subperiods: Early, Middle, and Late.
Generally, the Archaic Period refers to pre-ceramic sites associated with nomadic hunter-gatherer
populations that occupied the emerging Holocene deciduous forests. This was considered distinct
from the Paleoindian period that was characterized by highly mobile hunters reliant on big game for
their livelihood. Warmer and drier climatic conditions at the onset of the Holocene resulted in a
more varied floral and faunal resource base and resulted in cultural adaptations during the Archaic
period. Settlement patterns were seasonally oriented, and groups were still semi-nomadic, with a
subsistence base focused on hunting and gathering. An increase in population density appears to
have resulted in both a larger number of sites and an increase in site revisitation, especially during the
Late Archaic. In all probability, the geographical range of individual populations during the Archaic
was smaller and more seasonally defined compared with the range of human groups during the
Paleoindian period. There is evidence of increased trade between distant groups, such as the rise in
the quantity in eastern sites of rhyolite quarried from the Catoctin Mountains in Maryland and
Uwharrie Mountains in North Carolina.
Research over the last two decades has revealed that the transition between the Paleoindian and Early
Archaic was not as great as previously thought. The transition to the Archaic appears to have been
more gradual and characterized by exploitation of an increasingly broad range of local resources and
decreasing mobility.
The Early Archaic sub-period (8,500-7,500 BP) is viewed as a continuation of the earlier Paleoindian
lifeways, with an emphasis on the use of cryptocrystalline lithic materials for tool making. Lithic
technology, however, shifted to a variety of corner-notched types, including Hardway, Palmer and
Kirk, as well as bifurcate-base types such as Lecroy during the transition to the Middle Archaic
period (Dent 1995). This shift in projectile point form may indicate diversification within the system
of production, as economies shifted from a concentration on hunting deer and other large game to
more diverse faunal exploitative patterns focused on smaller game. By the end of this sub-period,
less emphasis is placed upon high-quality cryptocrystalline stone, suggesting that the settlement
system based on quarry-related base camps became less important. A total of 16 sites with specified
Early Archaic components have been recorded in Frederick County.
The Middle Archaic (7,500-5,000 BP) is cited as a time when hunting and gathering groups began to
develop a subsistence strategy that incorporated a diverse array of seasonally available resources.
This is indicated by the addition of specialized plant processing tools in Middle Archaic assemblages.
31
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 12
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
A wider variety of projectile point styles is evidenced during this time; however, the use of
cryptocrystalline stone for tool production is nearly abandoned. Diagnostic artifacts include Stanley,
Morrow Mountain, Guilford, and Halifax point types. Tool kits are seen as becoming increasingly
diversified during this period, with many more ground- and rough-stone implements (Dent 1995).
The focus of settlement is at seasonally occupied base camps located on the floodplains of major
drainages where seed plants could be exploited. Hunting and limited-use sites are located in the
uplands, along lower-order streams and near lithic sources, and adjacent to interior swamps and
swampy floodplains of low order drainages. A total of 20 sites with specified Middle Archaic
components have been recorded in Frederick County.
The Late Archaic sub-period (5,000-3,000 BP) is characterized by cultures that made efficient use of
their local environments, and as a result, there is an increased degree of regional distinction that is
visible in the archeological record. During this time semi-sedentary settlement systems expanded,
possibly as a result of greater aridity that tethered groups to critical resources, or an increase in
population that resulted in territorial circumscription. A total of 48 sites with specified Late Archaic
components have been recorded in Frederick County, more than any other pre-contact time period.
Increased use of riverine and estuarine resources is evident. The development of estuaries
throughout the Coastal Plain from the continued rise in sea levels resulted in the increased
distribution of crabs and oysters and extensive seasonal runs of anadromous fish. Steatite bowls are
introduced into the technology inventory. The majority of projectile points representative of this
time period consist of side-notched and stemmed varieties, which are typically manufactured from
quartz.
The Late Archaic represents the culmination of what Caldwell (1958) termed primary forest
efficiency. Caldwell stressed the variety and availability of food sources in the eastern forests, and
stressed that pre-contact Native American groups could move seasonally to maximize resource
acquisition. Thus, in the eastern United States in general, Middle and Late Archaic groups are seen as
mobile hunting and gathering peoples who exploited seasonal resources and scheduled their
movements accordingly. In parts of the Middle Atlantic region, the Late Archaic period also is
associated with large bivalve middens. Scattered campsites focused on major rivers appear to form a
major element within the settlement pattern; short-term campsites in upland zones along small
streams have also been documented.
Culturally-diagnostic artifacts for this period include the Savannah River and Susquehanna
Broadspear projectile point types, which appear to be represented in different frequencies above and
below the Fall Line separating the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The presence of steatite bowls in
assemblages is also a diagnostic artifact of this period.
3.2.3 Woodland Period
The Woodland period is divided into three sub-periods: Early Woodland (1,000-300 B.C.), Middle
Woodland (300 B.C.-A.D. 900), and Late Woodland (A.D. 900-A.D. 1600). The Woodland period
was originally defined in the 1930s by the appearance of ceramics, maize agriculture, and sedentary
villages. At the time, it was believed that ceramics, food production, and sedentary village life were
mutually inclusive. Research over the last few decades, however, has revealed that the transition
between the Archaic and Woodland were not as great as previously thought. Witthoft (1953) has
defined a Transitional Period linking the Archaic and the Woodland periods that was restricted in
appellation to the cultural sequences of the northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United
States. Custer (1989; Custer and Wallace 1982) considers the Late Archaic through Middle
Woodland as a related continuum.
32
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 13
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
The Early Woodland period represents a continuation of trends begun during the Middle and Late
Archaic periods towards increased exploitation of local resources and decreased mobility. The
increased productivity of coastal and estuarine resources resulted from the stabilization of sea levels;
marshes developed and estuarine areas rapidly became places on the landscape in which fish,
waterfowl, and shellfish could be easily exploited. Floodplains are increasingly the focus of plant
harvesting. A total of 26 sites with specified Early Woodland components have been recorded in
Frederick County.
Early Woodland technology included two sets of diagnostics. The first is a series of projectile points,
typified by fishtail and by contracting stemmed varieties. The second set of diagnostics is ceramics.
Characteristic ceramics of the period include steatite-tempered Marcey Creek and Seldon Island
types, and sand-tempered Accokeek ceramics.
During the Middle Woodland (300 B.C.-A.D. 900) sub-period, villages grew in size and became more
permanent. Handsman and McNett (1974:26) have suggested that there was a greater reliance on
horticulture resulting from an increasing population. Diagnostic artifacts include Popes Creek
ceramics that are more frequent in the Coastal Plain, and Albermarle wares which are more common
in the Piedmont, as well as shell-tempered Mockley wares. A total of 19 sites with specified Middle
Woodland components have been recorded in Frederick County.
Sedentism and subsistence based on food production were solidly established by the Late Woodland
(A.D. 900-1,600). Large, permanent villages were located on the floodplains of major rivers. By
A.D. 1,350, there is evidence of stockaded villages, suggesting extensive warfare throughout the
Middle Atlantic region. Shell-tempered Townsend series ceramics are predominant in Late
Woodland assemblages, while crushed-rock-tempered Potomac Creek wares are prevalent in the
Inner Coastal Plain to the Fall Line zone. Triangular projectile points are typical of this period. A
total of 26 sites with specified Late Woodland components have been recorded in Frederick County.
After contact with European settlers, the traditional lifeways were disrupted. European settlement
rapidly led to the nearly complete elimination of Native American groups in the Middle Atlantic
region. Settlement and subsistence of historic Native Americans at the time of contact were most
likely a continuation of patterns observed in the Late Woodland period.
At the time of European arrival into the Chesapeake region, the Piedmont area of northern Virginia
was inhabited by the Manahoacs, a tribe or confederacy of Siouan-speaking people first encountered
by Captain John Smith (Haynes 1990; Barbour 1986II:175). The area around Leesburg appears to
have been the center of overlapping culture groups, defined primarily by linguistic characteristics.
Algonquian speaking groups occupied much of the land on both sides of the Potomac River up to
the Fall Line. Jennings (1978) claims that Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks were primarily located
north of Leesburg, and similar accounts (e.g., Hudson 1976) note that I roquoian or Siouan speaking
groups probably inhabited what is now the Leesburg area. However, as European settlements began
encroaching into former Indian lands, many of these original inhabitants left the area or were ravaged
by diseases for which they had no resistance.
3.3 Historic Background
Prior to its establishment in 1738, Frederick County was initially part of a five million acre tract called
the Northern Neck of Virginia Proprietary that was granted in 1649 to seven noblemen by King
Charles II of England. The county was named after Frederick, the father of King George II, of
England, or possibly after the town of Winchester, originally name Fredericktown upon its founding
in 1732 (Holmes and Wagner 1987). Winchester was founded on part of 140,000 acres of land
33
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 14
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
secured by Jost Hite and Robert McKay, who settled there with 16 families that they brought with
them.
The first European permanent colonial settlements in what became Frederick County began between
1725 and 1730, although the area had been visited by trappers, traders, hunters and explorers since at
least the 1670s. Settlers moved into this area from neighboring colonies of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, and also New Jersey, following the major Indian Path down the Shenandoah Valley.
During this time, the primary motivation for settling here was the presence of fertile land which was
used for growing grains and raising livestock. The terrain and lack of a reliable transportation
network made the area unsuitable to the production of tobacco. The many creeks had mills built
along them to transfer grain crops to flour and fruit to cider and alcohol, which were longer lasting,
easier to transport to the coastal cities, and more profitable than fresh produce. The 1809 Charles
Varle map of Frederick, Berkeley, Jefferson Counties shows multiple mills on Opequon Creek south
of Winchester and Kernstown as well as distilleries and blacksmithing establishment to the north in
Winchester (Figure 3.1).
During the 18th century there were few major roads crossing overland. The Indian Path was widened
and improved and became the Great Wagon Road during the mid-18th century, spurring increased
settlement. Small communities developed along the road including Winchester, Kernstown, Stevens
City, Middletown, Woodstock, and Strasburg most of which were founded in the period of 1730-
1770. Frederick County was organized in 1738 as a reflection of the increasing population shifts.
Kernstown, which is the location of the APE was originally founded by Jost Hite who purchased
forty thousand acres from John Van Meter in 1731. In 1735, Jost Hite settled large portions of this
land along the upper Opequon Creek along the Great Wagon Road/ Valley Turnpike. The families
who bought properties within or adjoining the APE were the Glasses, Cartmells, Woods, Vances,
and Hoges all of whom purchased land from Hite from 1735 to 1742.
The area that makes up this settlement founded by the 16 families who would establish the Opequon
Presbyterian Church the year of their arrival had a rich prehistory with many of the 19th historical
works covering it mentioning that it had been referred to as the Shawnee Hills or Shawnee Springs,
vestiges of these place names still survive on modern roads in the area today. Historical accounts
also mention that ancient monuments in the form of mounds and burials were also present, as well as
a substantial village just north of Winchester. Raiding parties of Delaware and Catawba were
frequent in the area up until the French and Indian War. Historical accounts, especially of the
Glasses, whose ancestor purchased at least 920 acres from Jost Hite in 1736 indicate that their homes
were palisaded and had defensive slits cut in the shutters. Many of the second generation of the
settlers of Kernstown and the Opequon Presbyterian Church would serve as militiamen and serve in
various forts of the frontier, some having seen conflicts in Ireland and Germany before arriving to
the frontier.
Winchester, established within 2 years of Kernstown and largest of the settlements, was important to
the area during the French and Indian War. Col. James Wood who had property on the edge of the
APE purchased a large area of land and laid off streets even before the town was officially recognized
in 1758. Fort Loudoun in Winchester was constructed in 1756 to protect the frontier community.
The fort had barrack space for 450 and was the largest of the frontier fortifications. It was besieged
in 1760 during an offshoot of the French and Indian War, resulting in the s urrender of English
troops. Raids on Winchester and Kernstown would continue in the area until 1766. Joseph Martin’s
1836 A Comprehensive Gazetteer of Virginia and the District of Columbia showed the population of
Winchester, the closest town to Kernstown, is included as 3,620 residents with a wide variety of
businesses, schools, and churches. Kernstown would contribute to Winchesters growth by providing
the raw agricultural goods which would be processed as well as being an important shipping hub for
the products of the many water mills along Opequon Creek.
34
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 15
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
Figure 3.1: Approximate location of the project area on the 1809 Charles Varle Map of
Frederick, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties in the State of Virginia.
35
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 16
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
Kernstown would be established as an official town by an act of the Virginia Assembly in 1799 and
named after Adam Kern Jr. whose father had bought land just south of Winchester in 1765 along
the Great Wagon Rd. Kernstown as a district stretched from Hoge’s Tavern on the south at the
intersection of the Great Wagon Road and the Opequon Creek to the North of the Opequon
Presbyterian Church at the properties owned by the Kern family. In the early 1830’s the railroad was
built through the Shenandoah Valley adjacent to the original Great Wagon Road passing beside
Kernstown. This infrastructure improvement allowed for the more profitable movement of
processed agricultural goods from Kernstown to Winchester and external markets. For the first
three generations the 16 families who came with Jost Hite intermarried and kept their lands in ever
smaller divided portions amongst their families. During the early 19th century these families who had
prospered in the area would use Winchester as a steppingstone to move out into the Ohio, Kentucky,
and Tennessee frontiers. While many of the founding families can still be found within the
boundaries of Kernstown, throughout the early 19th century and especially after the Civil War as
Kernstown became more peripheral to Winchester those families began to sell their farms to people
from farther afield.
Two Civil War battles were fought adjacent to the APE and both Confederate and Union Soldiers
likely camped within its boundaries. These two battles at Kernstown were part of the strategic
control of the Shenandoah Valley and its resources by the Confederacy as well the Union Army’s
attempts to disrupt this resource network at the same time protecting Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
Washington D. C. from assault. As part of Maj. General Stonewall Jacksonson’s early Valley
Campaign he was ordered by General Johnston to prevent three separate Union forces from
reinforcing McClellan’s movements on Richmond. During this time 17,000 troops under his
command kept 52,000 Union troops from reaching the Piedmont. Col. Turner Ashby, the
Commander of the 7th Virginia Cavalry under General Jackson on skirmished with the Federal
outpost on the southern edges of Winchester on March 22nd, 1862. He falsely reported to General
Jackson that these troops were on the move to support over divisions in the Piedmont. With direct
orders from General Johnston General Jackson’s hand was forced and he moved his troops to
engage the Union Army to hold them at Winchester.
General James Shields 8,000 men in their fortified positions awoke on the morning of March 23rd to
see Col. Turner Ashby’s cavalry return along with Confederate artillery. The Confederate forces
staged their battle line roughly 700 meters northeast of the Area of Potential Effects and opened fire
on General James Shields Union divisions at 9 am. Col. Ashby was unable to flank the Union forces
from their entrenched positions around Pritchard’s farm just northwest of Opequon Presbyterian
Church on the northern edge of Kernstown. General Jackson at this time had gathered his troops
and was riding north from Strasburg, arriving in the vicinity of Kernstown shortly before 3 pm. The
confederates attempted to flank the Union forces at Sandy Ridge to the northeast of the project area
but were pushed back by heavy artillery fire from Pritchard’s farm and Union reinforcements from
Winchester. Running low on ammunition, the 3,700 Confederate forces retreated from the field.
The Confederate casualties numbered 740 killed while the Union army lost nearly 500 of the 7,200
troops they had committed to the battle. The First Battle of Kernstown was one of Stonewall
Jackson’s two major defeats, but because of the battle, the Union command chose to keep
Winchester reinforced, reuiring troops that could have been otherwise used for the campaigns in the
Piedmont. Figure 3.2 illustrates the position of the First Battle of Kernstown to the project area.
The entire Shenandoah Valley would be a battleground throughout the American Civil War with
both Union and Confederate victories. Late in the War during 1864 Kernstown would once again be
host to another battle caused by poor intelligence, this time on the Union side. The Second Battle of
36
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 17
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
Figure 3.2: Location of the Area of Potential Effects on the Hotchkiss Map of the Battle of
Kernstown, Sunday, 23 March, 1862.
Kernstown would happen late in the American Civil War after a series of defeats which resulted in
the loss of valuable territory for the Confederacy. The motivations for the battle were much the
same as the first, that was to keep Union troops from entering the theatre of war in the Piedmont.
The commander of the overall Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley had fallen to General
Jubal Early who had suffered a strategic defeat at the Battle of Rutherford’s Farm on July 20 th, 1864.
The Union commander in the area General Horatio Wright after this battle assumed incorrectly that
General Early and his forces would retreat out of the Shenandoah Valley and dispatched a large
portion of his veteran forces from West Virginia and Virginia to support the sieges of Richmond and
Petersburg. This left the bulk of Wrights forces under General George Crook with only 13,000
infantry, cavalry, and artillery men in the Shenandoah Valley. General Early learned of these events
from prisoners taken during cavalry skirmishes after the Battle of Rutherford’s Farm and with clear
37
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 18
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
orders from General Robert E. Lee was tasked with holding the remaining forces in the Shenandoah
Valley.
Early on the morning of July 24th, 1864 General Early began marching his troops up the Valley
Turnpike towards Winchester. General Early was confident his forces, which numbered 16,000
could overpower General Crook’s. Col. Joseph Thoburn’s held the position on Sandy Ridge and
Col. James Mulligan’s Artillery with new 10-pound Parrott rifles were stationed at Pritchard’s Farm
establishing his line of battle along the same high ground that was so successful for the Union Army
during the First Battle of Kernstown. This included the digging of rough defensive works on the hill
at Pritchard’s Farm. Due to a lack of cavalry available, the eastern flank of General Crook’s position
was weakened with only a small contingent under Col. Jacob Higgins to hold the flat area east of
Kernstown and the Valley Turnpike. By about 8 am on the morning of the 24th heavy skirmishing
began as Confederate cavalry under Col. William Jackson assaulted Sandy Ridge much as at the
beginning of the First Battle of Kernstown. The bulk of this offensive took place along Sandy Ridge
and Middle Road just adjacent to the APE. This was followed up by Confederate infantry troops
under Col. Stephen Ramseux assaulting Sandy Ridge moving down Middle Road and across the
Northern edge of the APE. This cavalry and infantry skirmishing was held back along Sandy Ridge
by Mulligan’s troops.
The Confederate forces used their knowledge of the terrain around Kernstown to their advantage,
using ravines and low elevation areas to covertly move troops into position along General Crook’s
weak east flank many of which are in the southern part of the APE. General Mulligan knowing the
weakness of the line of battle at this point dispatched the 54 Pennsylvania Infantry to reinforce this
part of his line. The confederate assault of was intense enough that Mulligan’s infantry under Col.
Thomas Harris were pushed back from their advance positions all the way back to Pritchard’s Farm.
At this time in the battle Col. Mulligan sent an urgent plea to General Crook for more
reinforcements to shore up his weak east flank. Mulligan sent a brigade under Col. Rutherford B.
Hayes and an additional artillery battery to bolster the Union defenses. At this point in the Battle
General Crook left the safety of Winchester and went to the front lines to manage the offensive
directly. General Crook decided to take decisive action and pushed a counter offensive. He had
Thoburn, Mulligan, and Hayes leave their stable positions and advance on the larger Confederate
force.
This choice would lead to the Union defeat at the Second Batlle of Kernstown. Confederate General
Wharton had skillfully taken up position along Crook’s weak east flank by moving his troops through
the project area. Wharton’s troops under General Breckinridge pushed Hayes’s forces back. At the
same time Ramseux’s Confederate division assaulted the Union troops along Middle Road and Sandy
Ridge weakened their forces there. By early afternoon the Union positions around Kernstown had
been completed surrounded by the Confederate line, which by 1 pm. spread over 4 miles. The
Confederate forces at this time put all their strength on the northwest and south flanks of the Union
forces. The confederate forces had been bolstered by the arrival of Maj. General Robert Rodes along
the Unions eastern flank along with a contingent of 12 artillery pieces under Maj. William
McLaughlin. Around 3 pm the Union forces under Mulligan and Hayes attempted another advance
on the Confederate positions but were pushed back by overwhelming fire from the Confederate
forces to the stone walls of the Opequon Presbyterian Church. By 4 pm General Crook issued the
orders for a general retreat resulting in a Confederate victory.
In the post-Civil War period, Frederick County continued much as it had prior to the war. For the
first decade, population of the County remained largely unchanged, with gradual increases through
the end of the 19th century.
38
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 19
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
At the end of the 19th century there was a shift from grain-livestock agriculture to an orchard-
livestock agricultural model (Geier and Hofstra 1991). The transition was mostly complete by 1930.
During this period, small family farming plots were commonly consolidated to enable large scale
production in competition with the growing number of commercial farms. By 1958, the majority of
the agricultural properties in the vicinity of the project area are orchards.
3.3.1 Tract History
The project area is situated within the historic boundaries of the town of Kernstown established as
a community in 1736. The earliest maps to show detail of the vicinity of the project area, including
the 1809 Varle Map do not show any structures within the project area. Later maps, including the
1862 Hotchkiss Map of the First Battle of Kernstown, show a road and a possible structure on the
southern side of the project area. The town of Kernstown was established by 16 families who
bought land either from Jost Hite, John Van Meter, or Lord Fairfax and established the Opequon
Presbyterian Church in 1735. Hofstra and Geier in their 1996 work Beyond the Great Blue Mountain:
Historical Archaeology and 18th Century Settlement in Virginia West of the Blue Ridge through careful
research established the property boundaries of many of these families during the 18th century. The
land ownership either within the project area or just adjacent to it during this period fell into three
families: the Cartmells, Glasses, and Hoges (Figure 3.3).
Nathaniel Cartmell, known as Nathaniel Cartmell of England, was born sometime in the third
quarter of the 17th century in Westmoreland England and immigrated to New Jersey with his family
in 1724. Nathaniel of England apparently died before 1735 and it is one of his eldest sons and his
Figure 3.3: 18th century land grants which formed the basis of the project area.
39
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 20
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
widow who have appeared to have had a significant property south of the Opequon Creek. The
survey of the purchase of land took almost two years to complete as the widow and her children did
not arrive until 1737. The Cartmells built large estate houses on many of their properties including
Homespun, Cloverdale, and Greenfield Farm. Nathaniel I also purchased other smaller tracts for
his children, but there is little record of residences on those properties. Much of the Cartmell
property boundaries were in dispute during the 18th century due to the family not officially leaving
the parcels in wills and having land titles in their siblings or even cousins’ names. The Cartmell
family as a whole were farmers, millers, blacksmiths, and soldiers during both the French and
Indian War and the American Revolutionary War.
The next family who may have owned portions of the center and eastern portion of the project area
were the Glasses. Samuel Glass the Immigrant and his wife Mary Gamble immigrated from County
Down Ireland in 1735. Samuel was born in 1660 and was already of a respectable age when arriving
in the Opequon drainage in 1736. He brought with him his children and in some cases his
grandchildren. There is some dispute over the amount of land he initially purchased with early
accounts stating 1,600 acres and later works stating 920, this is likely due to the fact he purchased
900+ acres south of the Opequon, but also held 700 acres north of the Opequon. The land was
purchased from both Jost Hite and Lord Fairfax. Prior to his death in 1767, he willed his sons
several portions of his land holdings. Samuel Glass the Immigrant’s three sons all have properties
which were adjacent to or within the APE. Samuel Glass sold his eldest son John 250 acres from
his original purchase in 1749. John never resided on this property though and may have rented it to
others as he remained with his family at Beverly Manor, after his death his other properties were
broken up between his 11 children. Samuel Glass sold to his son Joeseph 250 acres in 1751, much
of this property was divided upon his death in 1794 by his 13 children. Robert David, another one
of Samuel Glass’s sons, purchased his own property to the northeast of the APE, this property was
dispersed largely to his 13 children upon his death in 1797. David Glass likely owned a portion of
the property that makes up the APE which he purchased from his father in 1749. His two sons
inherited his estate upon his death in 1775. The Glasses married into many neighboring families
including the Cartmells, Hoges, Woods, Becketts, and Vances.
William Hoge immigrated from Scotland in 1682 having been born in 1660 and met his wife
Barbara Hume on that voyage. William Hoge was the son of Sir James Hoge of Scotland and his
future wife was the daughter of Sir James Hume. They had both journeyed from Scotland on the
Ship Caledonia to Perth Amboy New Jersey. Barbara’s parents died on the voyage and William
attended her for the remainder of the voyage until they were married in 1695. William was a tailor
by profession but also served on the board of a trading company established by Governor Berkely.
In 1688 he served a session in the House of Deputies of the New Jersey Assembly. In 1689 he
moved to present day Delaware. In 1710 he purchased 1,000 acres in Chester County Pennsylvania
and moved his family there until 1729. The acreage of William’s estate on the branch of the
Opequon Creek that still bears his name has been in dispute since historians of the 19th century.
His property was “vast” compared to his neighbors. All of his children were prosperous as farmers,
investors in mills, and running Hogue’s Ordinary the local tavern at the intersection crossing the
Opequon Creek and the Great Wagon Road/ Valley Turnpike. William Hoge’s grandson John II,
the son of John, would later move onto this property and establish a farm at the same time
becoming Opequon Presbyterian Church’s first permanent minister. This property would later be
broken up and sold, with the northern portion being sold to the Pritchard family, who established
Pritchard’s Farm, a prominent defensive feature during the First and Second Battles of Kernstown
during the Civil War.
There is a break in the land ownership records for the area of the APE during the second to third
quarter of the nineteenth century. The 1885 D.J. Lake and Company Atlas of Frederick County,
Virginia contains a map of the Shawnee District for which Kernstown is well illustrated at that time
40
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 21
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
(Figure3.4). That map shows the ownership of the property by the Fullerton family, descendants of
Dr. Humphrey Fullerton who had served in the Continental Army during the American
Revolutionary War. Aerial photographs from the mid-20th century show that the property
remained much as it appeared in 1885, with cleared fields that are likely used for pasture (Figure
3.5). The pattern of land ownership appears to have continued into the 1970s, when Virginia Route
37 was constructed through the farm. Aerial photographs from 1982 and later show increasingly
encroaching brush, likely showing the abandonment of the farmhouse on the southern site of the
highway. The fields within the project area remain well maintained and actively used as pasture
until 2006. Beginning in 2008, aerial photographs show scrub brush overtaking the southern fields,
with only the northern field still in use until the present day.
Figure 3.4: Location of the project area on the 1885 D.J. Lake and Company Atlas of
Frederick County, Virginia.
41
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 22
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
Figure 3.5: Location of the project area on a 1958 aerial photograph.
3.4 Previous Surveys
Previous archeological work in the vicinity of the project area was reviewed using the Virginia
Cultural Resources Information System (VCRIS) maintained by the VDHR. The database indicates
that there are no previously identified archeological sites within the APE and that the project area has
not been the subject of any professional archeological investigation. Surrounding the APE is the
protected National Register-eligible Kernstown Battlefield (034-0007). While numerous studies have
focused on the historical and architectural history of Kernstown and its affiliated battlefield, only two
large scale archaeological surveys have been conducted (Gallucci et al. 1992; Geier and Hofstra
1991). These investigations examined the Kernstown Battlefield as well as early settlement patterns
along the Opequon Creek. More recent field observations of threatened site have been investigated
by Robert Jolley of VDHR, but full reports on this data is presently unavailable on VCRIS.
42
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 23
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
There are a total of 22 previously identified sites within one mile of the project area (Table 3.1). The
majority of the sites (n=15) date to the historic period while multi-component sites that include pre-
contact Native American artifacts are uncommon (n=1). Native American sites are present within
the search area (n=6) and are mostly comprised of small lithic scatters. Four of the sites are
identified as Civil War encampments and or defensive positions associated with the First/Second
Battles of Kernstown. The non-Civil War sites are generally farmsteads or outbuildings dating to the
mid-18th through 20th century, as well as property boundaries in the form of stone walls and tree lines
(witness trees). Other sites include a French and Indian War Fort and two 18th-19th century
cemeteries associated with the Opequon Presbyterian Church. All of the pre-contact Native
American sites in the vicinity of the project area are low density lithic scatters and most did not yield
diagnostic artifacts that would allow the sites to be placed within a chronological sequence. Two of
the pre-contact Native American sites had material consistent with Archaic to Early Woodland
material culture.
Table 3.1: Previously recorded archeological sites within one mile of the project area.
Site
Number Description Report Reference
44FK0025 P: Surface Lithic Scatter/ Nondiagnostic Thunderbird Arch. Assoc. 1979
44FK0026 P: Archaic & Woodland Lithic Scatter
H: Historic Ceramic Scatter WMCAR 1980
44FK0027 P: Archaic Lithic Scatter Thunderbird Arch. Assoc. 1979
44FK0029 H: Late 18th C. Home & Millsite VDOT-Lyle Browning 1981
44FK0178 H: 18th or 19th Century Farm JMU-WHITLEY 1991
44FK0181 P: Archaic & Woodland Lithic Scatter JMU 1991
44FK0183 P: Lithic Scatter/ Nondiagnostic JMU-WOOD 1991
44FK0188 H: 18th Century Stone Wall (Glass Family) JMU-WOOD 1991
44FK0202 H: 18th Century Homesite (Colvill Family) JMU-HOFSTRA 1991
44FK0228 H: Witness Tree/ Property Boundary JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0232 H: 18th Century Stone Wall JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0233 H: Union Defensive Earthwork JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0266 P: Lithic Scatter/ Nondiagnostic JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0267 P: Lithic Scatter/ Nondiagnostic JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0272 H: Fenceline/ Union Defensive Position JMU-Opequon Arch. Survey 1991
44FK0544 H: Union Cavalry Encampment JRIA-JOLLEY 1998
44FK0592 H: French & Indian War Fort Colvin DHR-JOLLEY 2002-2014
44FK0650 H: Civil War Encampment DHR-JOLLEY 2007
44FK0651 H: Union Encampment DHR-JOLLEY 2007
44FK0803 H: 1736 & 1790 Opequon Presbyterian
Church DHR-JOLLEY 2016
44FK1016 H: Opequon Burial Ground No. 2 DHR-JOLLEY 2020
44FK1017 H: Opequon Burial Ground No. 4 DHR-JOLLEY 2021
43
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 24
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
3.5 Above-Ground Resources
There are few surviving above-ground historic resources within half a mile of the project area. A
search of VCRIS returned seven historic structures, primarily related to Kernstown Battlefield or 19th
century or later domestic structures. The only standing 18th century structure within this radius is the
homesite of the Wilson Family, who built this structure in around 1740. This site is known
interchangeably in historical accounts as Stony Lonesome as well as the Wilson-Magill-Madagan
House (034-0027). To the North of the APE is the Pritchard-Grim House (034-0003) on the
property of the Hoge family was utilized by Union artillery as a high ground position during the First
and Second Battles of Kernstown. Parts of this property retain ruins and foundations relating to 18th
century habitation and land use.
Further to the south of the project area is the J. D. Ewing House also known as the Ewing Farm
which was established during the Reconstruction Period shortly before 1880. It is a well-preserved
balloon framed farmhouse with surviving outbuildings. Close to this is the Salem Methodist Church
and associated cemetery established in 1913. It should be noted that the current Opequon
Presbyterian Church north of the APE is of late 19th c. construction but is built close to the original
footprint of the 1736 and 1790 iterations. The associated cemetery of the Opequon Presbyterian
Church holds some of the earliest surviving grave markers west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Many
of these early markers were not imported but are made from locally quarried limestone, sandstone,
and shale. Robert Glass son of the immigrant was listed as having mason’s t ools in his last will and
testament. This trade would have been useful in not only building such structures as Samuel Glass’s
Mill on the Opequon but may have been useful in the production of these local folk funeral markers.
Two additional cemeteries associated with that church and the original 16 families, and their
descendants can be found within half a mile of the APE. Opequon Cemetery No. 2 was in use by
the 1760’s and continued to be used throughout the 19th century, and Opequon Cemetery No. 4
which appears to have been established during the last decade of the 19th century.
Farther to the south is the extant remains of Fort Colvin, a French and Indian Fort that Nathaniel
Cartmell II likely served in along with his being stationed in Winchester. It is not listed in the VDHR
VCRIS system as it has gone through several hands over the past 20 years including VDHR, APVA,
and the French and Indian War Preservation Society before being sold back to its original owner.
The remaining above ground historic assets belong to the National Register-eligible Kernstown
Battlefield 034-0007 with the defensive works along Sandy Ridge, the artillery emplacement at the
Pritchard-Grim Farm, and numerous stone walls/ property boundaries used as defensive positions
being listed.
3.6 Typical Cultural Resources Expected in the Project Area
In general, pre-contact Native American archeological resources are most likely to be found in
upland well-drained areas that are within approximately 150-meters (492 feet) of a stable,
permanent water source. There have been seven sites with pre-contact Native American
components encountered within one mile of the project area, several occurring on landforms
similar to the project area and with a similar proximity to a water source. The project area is
relatively level and includes the headwaters of Hoge Run, a minor drainage. There is a high
potential that pre-contact Native American deposits are present within the project area.
A review of previous archeological surveys within one mile of the project area, and an examination of
historic documents and maps, indicates that historic period archeological resources, dating from the
18th through the early 20th centuries are could be found within the project area. In general, historic
period archeological sites are most typically found within 100 meters (328 feet) of a historic roadway
44
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 25
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
or navigable waterway. Historic mapping from the mid-19th century onward shows that the project
area was situated in an area between the large farms that comprised the area. Research conducted by
Geier and Hofstra indicate that the project area falls within tracts patented by the mid-18th century.
Apple Valley Road, which abuts the project area has existed in its current layout since prior to the
Civil War.
Based upon the proximity of the project area to the battlefields of First and Second Kernstown, it is
not unexpected for militaria to be encountered. Apple Valley Road was used to move troops for the
battles but was not directly within the area where combat occurred. VCRIS records indicate that the
looting of sites of military significance by metal detectorists. Accordingly, the probability of
encountering large amounts of militaria is low due to easy access to the APE along Middle and Apple
Valley Roads.
45
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 26
Section 3- Environmental and Historical Background
The Ottery Group
46
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 27
Section 4- Research Design and Methods
The Ottery Group
4.0 Research Design and Methods
4.1 Research Design
The Ottery Group conducted the Phase I archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road Tract as part of due
diligence ahead of proposed development of the property. The purpose of the archeological survey was to
locate previously unrecorded archeological sites within the property and, if they exist, to preliminarily assess
their research potential based on the criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (36 CFR
60).
The project included field investigations and archival research. Archival research was conducted to locate
previously identified cultural resources in the surrounding area and to guide an assessment of the potential for
locating undiscovered archeological sites within the impact areas associated with the planned industrial
development. Field investigations consisted of shovel test pits across the development parcel. Shovel test
pits were used to systematically collect artifacts and to use the locations and quantities recovered to identify
the presence and location of historic or pre-contact Native American sites.
In addition to conventional subsurface testing, a metal detector survey was completed across part of the
project area due to the proximity of the battlefield of First & Second Kernstown, a Civil War battle associated
with the Shenandoah Campaign of the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Metal detection surveys are
considered to be the most effective tool in identifying Civil War resources and are recommended methods to
enhance convention Phase I survey methods (VDHR 2017).
4.2 Archival Research
Research was conducted online using the VDHR VCRIS cultural resources database. All cultural resources
within one-mile radius of the site were compiled into spreadsheets. These resources included documented
historic and archeological sites. Additional research was conducted using the Library of Congress online map
database, the USGS National Map Viewer, historicaerials.com, and the Frederick County GIS application.
4.3 Field Methods
The Phase I archeological survey was conducted over the period of June 16th to July 27th, 2023. Testing was
conducted using a 15-meter grid that conforms to state and county standards. The grid was established using
a base point at the edge of Apple Valley Road as a starting datum (N39.143671, W-78.208874), with this
central datum point of N6000 E3000 due the large size of the APE as well as to differentiate it from a
previous field survey. The locations of individual STPs were determined using a Suunto KB-50 optical
sighting compass to determine angle and pacing to determine distance. Each STP was marked with flagging
tape and measured at least 45 centimeters (cm) in diameter and was excavated in levels that approximated the
existing soil conditions. Excavation of the STPs was performed based on stratigraphic layers to a depth of
ten centimeters into sterile soil or to the limits of hand excavation. The STPs were offset if necessary due to
obstacles such as trees, roads, or debris and based on the discretion of the excavator. One hundred percent of
excavated soil was sifted through ¼-inch wire mesh screen for cultural material. Artifacts, if present, were
documented and collected in labeled bags according to their horizontal and vertical provenience for further
processing. Shovel test pits were excavated to culturally sterile soils unless physical obstructions prevented
excavation beyond the depth of the obstruction.
The metal detection survey was accomplished using a White’s Sierra Madre, Tesoro Tejón, and Whites
Coinmaster 2 with factory standard detector coils. The detectors were used in “all metal” mode with low
discrimination and were ground-balanced at the site at the beginning of each day of metal detecting. The
instruments can detect metal artifacts within approximately one foot from the ground surface. Targets
47
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 28
Section 4- Research Design and Methods
The Ottery Group
identified during metal detection were excavated with hand tools with assistance from a hand-held pinpointer.
All excavated metal artifacts were identified in the field, recorded with a bag number in an inventory and with
a general identification of the artifact, mapped, and collected. Locations of all collected artifacts were
recorded with hand-held GPS. Artifacts were collected in polyvinyl bags marked with complete provenience
information.
Field notes recorded the vertical location of recovered cultural material, soil stratigraphy, soil colors, and soil
textures onto standardized STP forms using Munsell color charts and common soil texture nomenclature.
After excavation and recording, all STPs were backfilled. Additionally, digital photography was used to
document unusual or exceptional landforms, materials, or cultural features, as well as to provide overview
documentation of the existing conditions of the project area at the time of survey.
The locations of all tests were plotted on a proposed site plan provided by the developer. All maps, field
notes, shovel test forms, catalog forms, photographs, and other project related information are on file with
the Ottery Group in Silver Spring, Maryland.
4.4 Laboratory Methods
The general methodology for the processing of archeological material recovered from Phase I survey includes
the cleaning, stabilization and cataloging of the artifact assemblage and associated records. In general, stable
artifacts, such as ceramic, glass, and lithics were mechanically cleaned with water and dried. Heavily corroded
metals were cleaned with a stiff brush to remove adhering soils and to expose diagnostic attributes. Artifact
processing procedures conform to Virginia Department of Historic Resources State Collections Management
Standards (VDHR 2011).
Artifacts were initially sorted into general categories based on material type and inventoried in a Microsoft
Excel database based on relevant diagnostic attributes. Lithic artifacts were analyzed based on general
morphology modeled after Andrefsky’s (1998) typology. Debitage was categorized as either shatter,
unintentional fractures resulting from lithic reduction, flakes and intentionally removed materials with
morphological characteristics such as platforms and bulbs of percussion.
Historic artifacts were catalogued according to a functional analysis system modified from South’s original
functional groups (South 1977). In most cases, the original categories have been simplified and smaller
groups have been merged into larger groups. Historic artifacts were classified using the following group
designations: Domestic, Architectural, Clothing, Personal, Faunal, Floral, Fuel, Weaponry, Transportation,
and Activities. Further, the artifacts were classified according to material, type, decoration, function, portion,
and color. The Utilities category encompasses coal and its by-products and charcoal. A marker category also
was used to identify recovered material which was determined to be modern material in the laboratory.
Modern material was noted but not collected unless it occurred in situ with older cultural material.
Following analysis, artifacts were bagged in perforated, four-milliliter polypropylene bags labeled with
provenience and project information and boxed in acid-free containers for long-term storage at an
appropriate facility. The artifacts recovered during the survey are not considered to be candidates for
conservation or permanent curation.
48
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 29
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
5.0 Results
The archeological survey of the Apple Valley Road Tract consisted of the excavation of 1,435 shovel test pits
excavated at 15-meter intervals, with an additional 145 7.5-meter interval radial tests used to bound artifact
concentrations within the 71.85-acre property. The purpose of the STP survey was to identify the presence
of any cultural deposits within the property. Metal detection was conducted across areas where ground cover
permitted, primarily in the northern portion of the project area and a central corridor extending north to
south in the southern portion. The purpose of the metal detection was specifically to investigate the presence
of Civil War-era artifacts associated with the 1864 Battle of Kernstown.
5.1 STP Testing
The STP grid was established using a fence corner at the northeastern corner of the project area as the datum,
designated STP N6000 E3000 (Figure 5.1). The grid was set to an angle of 10 degrees west of north,
following a sight line down the fence at the western property boundary. This was the longest continuous
visible line and could be reestablished from multiple points to the south to avoid drift.
Terrain within the project area consisted of a relatively level upland terrace, with a central ridge running
northeast-to-southwest through the project area and gently sloping northeast and southwest. In the
southwestern portion of the APE a relict stream with a filled cave/ natural spring entrance was present.
Outcroppings of the Beekmantown chert nodules weathering out of the exposed bedrock are present in the
northern half of the project area. Evidence of quarrying for the extraction of foundation stones was evident
on outcroppings in the center of the APE. The southern half of the APE can be characterized as hummocky
karst topography with hydric soils bounded by small elevation rises with dryer ground and rocky and gravely
soils. The southernmost regions of the APE are low lying marshland with hydric silt loam soils.
Vegetation varied across the project area, with open grassland at the northern end, multiple small open glades
with borders of 1-2 meter-tall briars bounding low growing dense brush with cattle paths between the
separate glades in the central portion of the property, and heavy brush in the southern end of the project area.
The soils encountered across the project area were relatively consistent. The typical soil profile consisted of a
10YR 4/4 silt loam eroded former plowzone above a 10YR 5/6 silt loam B horizon subsoil (Figure 5.2). The
boundary between the plowzone and subsoil horizons is marked by a lag of gravel and cobbles comprised of
angular dolostone of the Beekmantown Group. In the lower elevations of the project area proximal to the
stream drainage, the soils often exhibited hydric profiles. Hydric profiles, marked by the presence of water,
leached soils, and precipitated mineralization, were observed in 330 STPs. The profiles were generally
shallow, with 913 STPs within the project area encountering subsoil at depths of 11-20cm below ground
surface. Another 313 STPs extended to depths of between 21 and 30cm. Only 40 of the STPs encountered a
soil change at deeper than 30cm.
A total of 197 STPs contained 18th-20th century and pre-contact Native American artifacts. The distribution
of these positive STPs can be seen in Figure 5.1. Historic period artifacts were found in one concentrated
area, with some outliers spread along the springhead to the south of the primary cluster. The bulk of the
positive STPs (n=157) were concentrated in five areas. The five artifact concentrations were designated sites
44FK1076 to 44FK1080. Artifact clusters that contained only chert shatter, i.e. no flakes or other artifacts,
were not designated archeological sites, as the shatter may have been inadvertently produced by plowing or
animal hooves and not indicative of cultural activity.
49
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 30
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
50
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 31
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
Figure 5.1: Location of Archeological Testing.
51
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 32
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
52
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 33
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
Figure 5.2: Representative STP Profiles.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 34
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
Site 44FK1076 covers a roughly circular area measuring 55m-x-50m (Figure 5.1). Within this area, 23 of 29
STPs contained cultural material, including 11 baseline STPs and 12 radial STPs. A total of 204 artifacts were
recovered from STP testing, with an additional 73 encountered during metal detection (Table 5.1).
The recovered material indicates a house site. A wide variety of diagnostic ceramics present shows that the
period of occupation was likely between 1750 and 1830. Several artifacts recovered have a terminal use date
of the end of the first quarter of the 19th century. Additional Colonial-era artifacts including blown window
pane and olive green wine bottle fragments were found (Figure 5.3). Both hand-wrought and machine-cut
nails were encountered, indicating that the site was being improved until after 1810. There is negligible
presence of later cultural material that would indicate a continuation of occupation into the late 19th or 20th
century. Only one pre-contact artifact was recovered, a secondary flake made of the local Beekmantown
chert.
Site 44FK1076 may be the home of three generations of the Glass family. David Glass (1728-1775)
purchased the land that includes the project area in 1749. Upon his death, it was passed to his son, David
Glass II (1746- after 1789) and possibly David Glass II’s son John (1831-?) after that. A fenceline with
remnants of a fieldstone wall adjacent to site appears to be part of a property boundary aligning to the metes
and bounds of the 1749 purchase. Little is known of this branch of the much more famous Glass family,
descendants of which still live adjacent to the property today. It is thought that John Glass, the grandson,
may have moved out of the Opequon Creek drainage as so many pioneers did to the Kentucky or Ohio
frontiers. As John left no heirs his property may have reverted into the family or been sold in the 1850s.
Table 5.1: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1076.
Group Category Artifact Count Start
Date
End
Date
Kitchen Ceramics
Creamware- Undecorated 8 1760 1810
Pearlware- Undecorated 16 1780 1830
Pearlware- Polychrome 3 1790 1815
Pearlware- Feather-Edged 2 1790 1815
Pearlware- Transfer Printed 1 1790 1815
Redware- Lead Glazed 62 1750 1900
Redware- Plain 63 1750 1900
Redware- Other 3 1750 1900
Buckley 5 1750 1790
Astbury 1 1750 1790
Manganese Mottled Ware 2 1750 1820
Whiteware- Undecorated 3 1820 2000+
Whiteware- Transfer Printed 1 1820 2000+
Chinese Export Porcelain 2 1750 1810
Gray Bodied Domestic Stoneware 1 1730 1930
English Brown Stoneware 1 1750 1830
Buff Bodied Stoneware 1 1750 1830
Faunal
Oyster 3 n.a. n.a.
Burnt Bone/ Tooth 1 n.a. n.a.
Glass
Lead Glass Stemware 2 1750 1870
Medicine Bottle 4 1760 1820
Olive Vessel Glass- Free Blown 1 1750 1830
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The Ottery Group
Group Category Artifact Count Start
Date
End
Date
Architectural
Ceramic
Brick (not wire cut) 33 1700 1880
Mortar 10 n.a. n.a.
Glass
Window Pane (cylinder) 6 1750 1870
Metal
Hand-forged Nail 16 1750 1850
Machine-cut Nail 7 1810 1880
Activities
Metal Cast iron kettle fragment 6 1760 1870
Dowry chest/ linen chest lock plate (iron) 1 1750 1850
Wire 1 1870 2000+
Miscellaneous
Lithic Chert Secondary Flake 1 n.a. n.a.
TOTAL 230
Figure 5.3: Selected historic period artifacts from Site 44FK1076.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 36
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
Site 44FK1077 is a large multi-component site measuring 240m-x-165m (Figure 5.1). The site was much less
concentrated than site 44FK1076, and included 79 positive STPs out of 182. A total of 62 baseline and 17
radial STPs contained cultural material. A total of 168 artifacts were recovered from the site, an average of
2.04 artifacts per positive STP and an overall density of 0.92 artifacts per STP within the site boundary
(Tables 5.2 and 5.3). Five STPs contained only historic period artifacts while 63 contained exclusively pre-
contact lithic artifacts. A total of 11 STPs contained both.
The majority of the artifacts were pre-contact Native American lithic debitage (Table 5.2). Of the 145 pre-
contact artifacts present, 94 consisted of angular shatter from the locally-occurring chert. A total of 41 chert
flakes were recovered, including 1 primary and 40 secondary flakes. Six fire cracked rock (FCR) indicate a
potential hearth or remnant of lithic material extraction. One core was also present, also composed of local
chert.
One lithic tool was recovered from Site 44FK1077. It is a broken or use-worn projectile point refashioned
into a hafted scraper. The contracting stem is consistent with Late Archaic and Early Woodland point types
(Figure 5.4). Two additional diagnostic artifacts were recovered from the site, both Native American ceramic
fragments. One heavily carbonized small sherd is a sand-tempered ceramic with a bright orange paste,
possibly Accokeek. The other is a hard fired ceramic with a micaceous paste similar to Moyaone. The pre-
contact component is interpreted as a resource extraction site. With the large quantity of debitage present, it
would appear that lithic extraction is the primary function, although the overall lack of primary flakes present
is inconsistent with quarrying activity. The presence of the springhead makes the location favorable for a
hunting camp or the harvesting of plant resources that would be found in that environment.
The historic component of Site 44FK1077 consists of 23 artifacts from 16 STPs (Table 5.3). Of these, 9 were
ceramics of varieties recovered from Site 44FK1076, lead glazed redware and green feather-edged pearlware,
and one was a machine-cut nail. The artifacts were found near the springhead and may represent an
outbuilding associated with the domestic occupation at Site 44FK1076, possibly a springhouse. Three brick
fragments and two fragments of mold-blown bottle glass may also be associated as there are no other known
structures on the property. Seven artifacts, 6 fragments of barbed wire and a fence staple are associated with
the current land use. One piece of 20th century floor tile is an outlier that does not fit in with the assemblage.
Table 5.2: Pre-Contact Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FK1077.
Category Artifact Count
Debitage Chert shatter 94
Chert secondary flake 41
Chert Core 1
Hafted Scraper 1
Early Woodland Ceramic 1
Late Woodland Ceramic 1
FCR 6
TOTAL 145
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 37
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The Ottery Group
Table 5.3: Historic Period Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FK1077.
Group Category Artifact Count Start
Date
End
Date
Kitchen Ceramics
Pearlware- Feather-Edged 3 1790 1815
Redware- Lead Glazed 6 1750 1900
Glass
Bottle Glass- Mold Blown 2 1700 1850
Architectural
Ceramic
Brick (not wire cut) 3 1700 1880
Floor Tile 1 1900 2000+
Metal
Machine-cut Nail 1 1790 1880
Activities
Metal Barbed Wire 6 1870 2000+
Fence Staple 1 1870 2000+
TOTAL 230
Figure 5.4: Selected pre-contact artifacts from Site 44FK1077.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 38
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The Ottery Group
Site 44FK1078 is a large scatter of lithic artifacts measuring 90m-x-110m located in the northeastern part of
the project area, extending off the project area into Apple Valley Road (Figure 5.1). A total of 35 positive
STPs, 26 baseline STPs and 9 radial STPs together yielded 74 lithic artifacts (Table 5.4). The 2.1 artifacts per
positive STP is similar to Site 44FK1077. No historic period artifacts were present. The artifact assemblage
yielded high quantities of chert shatter (n=31) and secondary flakes (n-22), and two primary flakes, one chert
and one quartzite. Nearly 25% of the artifacts from the site were FCR. One tested cobble was also found.
None of the artifacts collected from Site 44FK1078 were temporally diagnostic. Given the presence of rock
outcrops on the property, the site function is presumed to be lithic extraction.
Table 5.4: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1078.
Category Artifact Count
Debitage Chert shatter 31
Chert primary flake 1
Chert secondary flake 22
Quartzite secondary flake 1
Tested Cobble 1
FCR 18
TOTAL 74
Site 44FK1079 is the smallest of the sites encountered within the project area (Figure 5.1). It measures 15m-
x-60m and consists of four consecutive positive STPs. The site yielded 7 lithic artifacts: 3 chert shatter and 4
chert secondary flakes. No temporally artifacts were recovered. No historic period artifacts were present.
The site is a nondiagnostic lithic scatter.
Table 5.5: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1079.
Category Artifact Count
Debitage Chert Shatter 3
Chert Secondary Flake 4
TOTAL 7
Site 44FK1080 is a moderate sized scatter of lithic artifacts recovered from the north side of the artificial
pond (Figure 5.1). The site measures 30m-x-90m and contained 13 positive STPs, including 4 baseline and 9
radial STPs. The site yielded 28 lithic artifacts: 15 chert shatter, 6 chert secondary flakes, 5 FCR, 1 tested
cobble, and one potential nutting stone. No temporally diagnostic artifacts were recovered. No historic
period artifacts were present. The site is interpreted as a resource procurement site. The presence of a
nutting stone may indicate the processing of vegetable fibers harvested from the drainage.
Table 5.6: Artifacts recovered from Site 44FK1080.
Category Artifact Count
Debitage Chert Shatter 15
Chert Secondary Flake 6
Nutting Stone 1
Tested Cobble 1
FCR 5
TOTAL 28
58
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 39
Section 5- Results
The Ottery Group
Figure 5.5: Selected pre-contact artifacts from Site 44FK1080.
5.2 Metal Detection
Following the STP survey, a systematic metal detection survey was conducted within all areas of the APE that
was clear enough of vegetation to undertake this part of the survey. The metal detector survey was
conducted in order to determine whether resources associated with the Battlefields of First and Second
Kernstown were present within the project area. Maps of troop placement and movement during the battle
(Figure 3.2) do not indicate that the project area was part of the field of war, although there appears to have
been pickets along historic fence lines just to the north, including one on the property directly north of the
project area and the property directly west of the project area may have been used by the Union troops
(Figure 3.2). While they are effective guides to interpret general movements, battlefields are chaotic
situations. The presence of artifacts is the most accurate determination of whether the battle extended into
the project area. Historic accounts do mention the movement of both Confederate and Union troops across
the project area.
Metal detection was conducted within the field that borders on Virginia Route 37, Middle Road, and Apple
Valley Road. Historic maps indicate that the modern property lines were likely the same, as a fence line and
Apple Valley Road and Middle Road are shown on the 1885 map that matches the current edge of the project
area (Figure 3.4). It is likely that any battle-related activity would be encountered in this location if present
within the project area as this was the closest Union picket at Sandy Ridge to the project area. Similarly, the
open areas along Apple Valley Road where Confederate troops may have been mustered through were also
survey.
Metal detector survey was oriented to the STP grid. Transects were examined every 15m, with a sweep 2m
wide. Once the grid was completed in a north to south direction along each transect transects were run in
between the preceding STP transect and the next.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 40
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The Ottery Group
Figure 5.6: Results of metal detector survey.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 41
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The Ottery Group
A total of seven targets, areas where metal objects were identified, were present, yielding 43 artifacts (Figure
5.4, Table 5.7). The collected material is indicative of farming activity through the 19th and 20th centuries,
evidenced by tractor drawn plow elements and horse furniture as well as more modern mechanical parts. A
cluster of beer cans was in the north field along the ridge as well as another adjacent to the springhead on the
property. Tractor parts and a horse harness buckle were located adjacent to Virginia Route 37 across from
the historic Fullerton farm complex. An iron harness ring and a broken 20th century cast steel plow blade
were recovered at the edge of the historic homestead site in a small area that had been plowed, this is located
down an access road off Apple Valley presently used by the tenant cattle rancher to move livestock. The
broken plow tip was located within 25 meters of one of the numerous dolostone outcrops across the majority
of the project area.
Table 5.7: Results of metal detector survey.
Northing Easting Description
39.14182 78.20775 Cluster of aluminum cans
39.14166 78.20789 Cluster of aluminum cans
39.14116 78.20173 Cast steel/ nondiagnostic
39.14086 78.20798 Cast steel plow part (tip broken off)
39.14028 78.20832 Iron harness ring
39.13906 78.20806 Aluminum beer can
39.13761 78.20787 Coca Cola aluminum can
39.13677 78.20714 Iron horse harness buckle (late 19th to early 20th century)
39.13675 78.20712 Steel tractor part (20th century)
No Civil War-era artifacts were encountered during the metal detector survey. The current tenant of the
property, who has collected the property with a local metal detecting/relic hunting club, reported finding
multiple artifacts, including a cluster of Confederate Block I and C buttons from the northern end of the
property as well as numerous George II coins, George III coins, and pewter and cast copper alloy buttons
from the vicinity of Site 44FK1076. In his opinion, they had “picked this place clean.”
Particular care was taken in the areas that had previously yielded artifacts to ensure 100% coverage. No
additional material was recovered from the area where the military artifacts were recovered. Several hits were
encountered within the boundaries of Site 44FK1076 (Figure 5.4, Table 3.8). The investigation of the 11
targets resulted in the recovery of 73 artifacts, many of which were non-ferrous artifacts found while
searching for the metal hits, including manganese mottled ware, Buckley ware, creamware, pearlware, and 18th
century porcelain. The systematic metal detector survey in this area produced 7 cast iron 18th or early 19th
century pot or kettle fragments, as well as hand-forged and early cut nails. These artifacts are represented in
the artifact tables for Site 44FK1076 in Table 5.1.
Table 5.8: Metal detection results within Site 44FK1076.
Latitude Longitude Metal Object Other Artifacts Collected Date
Range
39.13942 78.20866 Cast iron fragment 1 Creamware, 2 Pearlware (1 early
polychrome), 2 Lead glaze redware, 4
unglazed redware.
1770-1850
39.13953 78.20865 Hand-forged nail 2 Lead glazed redware fragments 1735-1850
39.13941 78.20863 Cast iron fragment 1 Pearlware, 1 Lead glazed redware, 1
Transfer pearlware, 1 Fcr
1790-1830
39.13964 78.20865 Hand-forged nail 1 Creamware, 2 Lead glazed redware, 1
Mottled tan stoneware, 1 Late 18th c. wine
1770-1820
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The Ottery Group
Latitude Longitude Metal Object Other Artifacts Collected Date
Range
glass, 2 18th c. Porcelain (lead overglaze
possible English)
39.13924 78.20824 Cast iron fragment 3 Lead glazed redware, 1 Unglazed redware 1735-1850
39.13947 78.20872 Cast iron fragment 2 Buckley redware, 1 Astbury redware, 2
Brick fragments, 2 Oyster fragments, 1
Burnt bone fragment, 2 18th Century wine
bottle, 1 Creamware
1740-1850
39.13969 78.20856 Cast iron pot fragment 1 Aqua glass medicine bottle fragment 1760-1790
39.13968 78.20966 1 Early Machine-cut Nail, 1
Hand-forged nail
2 Creamware, 2 Pearlware, 2 Lead glaze
mottled manganese redware, 1 Grey bodied
stoneware, 3 brick fragments, 5 mortar
fragments, 1 window glass fragment (thin
blue), 1 Oyster shell
1740-1850
39.13969 78.20851 2 Wrought iron nails NA 1740-1850
39.13952 78.20869 1 Hand-forged nail, 1 Cast
iron kettle fragment
1 Buckley type redware, 1 Lead glazed
redware, 1 Unglazed redware
1735-1850
39.13974 78. 20850 Possible 18th c. linen/
dowry chest lockplate cover
3 Unglazed redware 1735-1850
5.3 Discussion
This historic period assemblage from Site 44FK1076 has a chronological range from 1750 to 1880. No
machine-made glass was recovered during any part of the survey indicating a 18th century start date to the
historic occupation of the site. The bulk of the artifacts recovered have a date range from 1770 to 1830. The
earliest historic artifacts could date as early as 1740 or around the time that Kernstown was established. Cast
iron pots and kettles began to be manufactured just a few miles southwest of the APE after the French and
Indian War. It is thought that this site represents the establishment of a farmstead shortly after the French
and Indian War and was abandoned just before or after the American Civil War with no later contamination
or dumping on the site. The APE shows very little evidence of agriculture in the form of wheat cultivation,
but as the name of the road, Apple Valley implies this area was historically linked to orchards and grazing
herding animals.
Four pre-contact Native American sites are present within the project area. The Native American artifact
assemblage included 394 artifacts composed of two different materials. The project area is situated atop
numerous outcrops of the Beekmantown chert. Of the 394 pre-contact Native American Artifacts 317 are
chert shatter consistent with source material testing, 61 represent secondary flakes made of the local chert
with only one primary flake of this material identified. The lack of primary stage debitage is likely due to the
Beekmantown chert being mostly tabularly bedded in the host Beekmantown dolostone with round nodules
being uncommon. Hammerstones recovered within the APE are comprised of rounded quartzite cobbles
from further away in the Opequon Creek drainage and appear to be brought into the area. Flakes of quartzite
were uncommon within the APE with one primary and one secondary flake recovered. Two fragments of
Native American ceramic were encountered during the survey. Although one was too small to reliably
identify, the color of the paste and sand inclusions in the temper suggest an Early Woodland Accokeek
ceramic, while the larger hard-pasted sherd with micaceous sand in the temper is similar to the Late
Woodland Moyaone ceramic. The only flaked tool recovered was a reworked projectile point fashioned into
a hafted scraper. The original tool was either broken or use-worn. The contracting stem of the original tool
is still intact, suggesting a Late Archaic or Early Woodland date. The interpreted function of the pre-contact
62
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The Ottery Group
sites is the extraction of lithic material from the outcrops present within the project area or the wetland plants
that would have been present in the vicinity of the drainage.
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Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 44
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The Ottery Group
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Section 6- Conclusions and Recommendations
The Ottery Group
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
The Ottery Group conducted an archeological survey of the 71.85-acre Apple Valley Road Tract, which is
planned for future development. The archeological survey was conducted by Winchester Gateway, LLC,
during development planning. A total of 1,580 STPs were excavated during the archeological survey. The
testing resulted in 197 positive test pits; 144 positive shovel test pits of chert debitage and tool fragments
associated with pre-contact Native American land use and 53 positive test pits containing historic period
artifacts dating from the mid-18th through 20th centuries. A total of five archeological sites were identified on
the property during the Phase I survey. These were designated 44FK1076 to 44FK1080.
A metal detection survey was conducted within the project area due to the proximity of the National Register-
eligible Kernstown Battlefield (034-0007) which was expanded to include the project area in 2011. The scope
of the metal detector survey was limited due to the brushy conditions. A total of 7 metal objects were
recovered from 11 targets, with 20th and 21st century aluminum beverage cans noted but not collected. No
military artifacts were found, although local residents described collecting Civil War material from the
property in the past.
Supplemental metal detecting conducted within the boundaries of Site 44FK1076 resulted in the recovery of
73 additional artifacts from the 18th and 19th century occupation of the site.
6.1 Recommendations
Site 44FK1076 is a dense cluster of 18th and 19th century domestic artifacts, possibly associated with the
David Glass, Sr. homestead. Glass purchased the property in 1749 and appears to have remained in the
family for three generations, until approximately 1850. The site is relatively intact and does not contain later
20th century materials. A wide variety of ceramics recovered from the site suggests a long duration of
habitation, and the potential for encountering intact features is high. Metal detection within the site resulted
in the recovery of additional artifacts. A Phase II investigation is recommended to establish the
National Register eligibility of the site.
Site 44FK1077 is a large moderately dense scatter of pre-contact Native American lithic artifacts with a light
scatter of 18th to 19th century domestic artifacts focused around a springhead. The majority of the lithic
artifacts recovered consist of local Beekmantown chert shatter. The site yielded one lithic tool, a
nondiagnostic hafted scraper. Two fragments of unidentified pre-contact ceramic were also recovered. The
pre-contact component is interpreted as a repeated use during the Woodland period for lithic extraction. The
historic materials are likely associated with the more concentrated site 44FK1076 directly to the north of it
and may represent a springhouse or other outbuilding. The ephemeral nature of the site suggests that intact
cultural deposits are unlikely. Based upon the presence of Native American tools and ceramics as well
as 18th century material culture, a Phase II investigation is recommended to establish the National
Register eligibility of the site.
Site 44FK1078 is a low density scatter of pre-contact lithic material similar to Site 44FK1077. No tools or
diagnostic artifacts were recovered from the site. The site is interpreted as a lithic extraction site with a long
duration or repeated use. The site is not considered to meet the criteria as a significant archeological
resource and no additional testing is recommended.
Site 44FK1079 is a small scatter of pre-contact lithic material consisting of seven artifacts. No tools or
diagnostic artifacts were recovered. If the site was not identified in proximity to sites 44FK1077 and
44FK1078, no site function would be possible due to the limited size and artifacts. It is likely that the site is a
65
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 46
Section 6- Conclusions and Recommendations
The Ottery Group
resource extraction site. The site is not considered to meet the National Register criteria for research
potential and no additional testing is recommended.
Site 44FK1080 is a cluster of pre-contact lithic artifacts found on the north of the cattle pond, and along the
original spring running through the property. The site contained a moderate density of artifacts, none of
which are chronologically diagnostic. The artifact assemblage is consistent with the other Native American
sites within the project area. The only anomalous artifact was a possible nutting stone, which suggests that
the site may be more than a short-term resource extraction camp. The site is not considered to be a
significant archeological resource and no additional testing is recommended.
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Section 6- Conclusions and Recommendations
The Ottery Group
7.0 References Cited
Andrefsky, William
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Carbone, V.
1976 Environment and Prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley. Ph.D. Dissertation, Catholic University of
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1963 Shenandoah Valley Pioneers and Their Descendants: A History of Frederick County, Virginia.
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1984 Delaware Prehistoric Archeology: An Ecological Approach. University of Delaware Press, Newark,
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1985 "An Evaluation of Architectural and Archaeological Resources in Frederick County, Virginia." The
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1964 "The Economic Geography of Clarke and Frederick counties, Virginia." Ph.D. dissertation,
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Foote, William Henry
1855 Sketches of Virginia, Historical and Biographical. W.S. Martien: Philadelphia.
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The Ottery Group
Gardner, W. M.
1974 The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: Pattern and Process During the Paleo-Indian to Early Archaic.
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Gardner, pp. 5-47. Occasional Publication No. 1, Catholic University Archeology Laboratory,
Washington, D. C.
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100, and Interchange at Maryland Route 100) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. On file at the
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Upper Opequon Creek. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, Virginia.
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1974 The Middle Woodland in the Middle Atlantic: Chronology, Adaptation, and Contact. Paper
presented at the 1974 Middle Atlantic Archeological Conference, Baltimore, MD.
Hart, Freeman
1942 The Valley of Virginia in the American Revolution. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill,
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1983 "Settlement Patterns in the Lower Shenandoah Valley." In Alexandria: Empire to Commonwealth,
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Holmes, Robert L. and David L. Wagner
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2022 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Newly Acquired Lands (Burrows Tract), Cedar Creek and
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68
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Section 6- Conclusions and Recommendations
The Ottery Group
Jennings, Francis
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Lake, D. J.
1885 An Atlas of Frederick County, Virginia. D.J. Lake and Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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McNett, C. W. Jr.
1985 The Shawnee-Minisink Site: An Overview. In Shawnee-Minisink, A Stratified Paleoindian-Archaei Site in
the Upper Delaware Valley in Pennsylvania, edited by C. W. McNett Jr., pp.321-325, Academic Press,
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Norris, J.E. (editor)
1890 History of the Lower Shenandoah Valley. A. Warner & Company, Chicago, Illinois.
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South, Stanley A.
1977 Method and Theory in Historical Archeology. Academic Press, New York.
United States Department of Agriculture- National Resources Conservation Services (USDA-NRCS)
2022 Online Soil Database. Electronic document, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/, accessed May
31, 2022.
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
2019 Middletown Quadrangle, Virginia. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. USGS, Washington D.C.
Varle, Charles
1809 Map of Frederick, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties in the State of Virginia.
Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR)
2009 Guidelines for Conducting Archeological Survey in Virginia.
Wayland, John W.
1907 The German Element in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Mitchie. Charlottesville, VA.
Witthoft, J.
1953 Broad Spear Points and the Transitional Period Cultures. Pennsylvania Archeologist 23(1):4-31.
69
The Ottery Group
Appendix A:
Artifact Catalog
70
The Ottery Group
71
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 52
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
STP CATALOG
Site N E Radial Description
5085 3150
fcr/ 1 flake
5100 3165
shatter
44FK1077 5160 3000
shatter
5160 3045
shatter
44FK1077 5175 2970
shatter
44FK1077 5175 3000
shatter/ 1 flake
5175 3120
1 flake
5175 3270
1 flake
44FK1077 5190 2970
shatter
44FK1077 5190 2985
shatter
44FK1077 5190 3000
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5205 2970
shatter
44FK1077 5205 3000
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5205 3000
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5205 3015
shatter
44FK1077 5220 2940
1 flake
44FK1077 5220 3000
shatter
5235 2895
fcr/ shatter
44FK1077 5235 2925
shatter
72
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 53
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1077 5235 2940
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5235 2970
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5235 2985
shatter
5235 3135
shatter
5235 2955a
shatter
5235 2955b
shatter
44FK1077 5250 2985
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5250 3030
shatter
44FK1077 5250 3045
shatter
5250 3150
1 flake
44FK1080 5257.5 3360 R 1 Fcr, 1 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1080 5257.5 3375 R 1 Thermaly altered quatrzite worked cobble
44FK1080 5257.5 3390 R 4 flint shatter
44FK1077 5265 2940
shatter
44FK1077 5265 2955
1 flake
44FK1077 5265 2970
shatter
44FK1077 5265 2985
shatter
44FK1077 5265 3015
barbed wire
5265 3090
1 flake
44FK1080 5265 3345
hearth slag/ 1 flake
44FK1080 5265 3352.5 R 1 Fcr
44FK1080 5265 3352.5 R 3 flint shatter
44FK1080 5265 3360
cupstone/ 1 flake
44FK1080 5265 3375
fcr/ shatter
44FK1080 5265 3390
shatter
44FK1080 5265 3412.5 R 1 flint flake
73
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 54
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1080 5272.5 3390 R 1 flint shatter, 2 flint flakes
44FK1080 5272.5 3405 R 3 flint shatter
44FK1080 5277.5 3375 R 1 flint shatter, 2 Fcr
44FK1077 5280 2940
barded wire
44FK1077 5280 2955
shatter
44FK1077 5280 2970
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5295 2925
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5295 2940
shatter
44FK1077 5295 2955
shatter
44FK1077 5295 2970
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5295 3015
shatter/ 1 flake
5295 3075
hammerstone/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5302.5 2895 R 1 Large iron staple, 1 chert flake
44FK1077 5310 2887.5 R 3 flint shatter
44FK1077 5317.5 3000 R Barbed wire
44FK1077 5325 2880
1 flake
44FK1077 5325 2895
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5325 2925
1 flake/ 1 worked core
44FK1077 5325 2970
barded wire
44FK1077 5325 2985
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5325 3030
shatter
5325 3180
shatter
44FK1077 5340 2880
1 cut nail/ shatter
44FK1077 5340 2910
1 great flake
44FK1077 5340 2925
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5340 2925
2 flakes
74
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 55
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1077 5340 2925
3 glazed redware/ shatter/ fcr
44FK1077 5340 2940
1 glass/ shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5340 2977.5 R Barbed wire
44FK1077 5340 3000
1 flake/ 1 glass/ barbed wire
44FK1077 5340 3015
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5355 2880
shatter
44FK1077 5355 2910
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5355 2925
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5355 2925
shatter/ 3 pearlware (green featheredge) fragments/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5355 2955
shater/ 1 redware fragment
44FK1077 5355 2970
1 lead glazed redware fragment/ 2 flakes/ shatter
44FK1077 5355 2985
1 flake
44FK1077 5362.5 2925 R 1 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1077 5362.5 2970 R 1 Lead glazed redware, 5 shatter
44FK1077 5370 2880
1 flake/ 1 prehistoric ceramic fragment
44FK1077 5370 2885
shatter
44FK1077 5370 2887.5 R 3 Fcr, 1 20th c. floor tile, 1 Flint flake
44FK1077 5370 2902.5 R 4 flint shatter
44FK1077 5370 2910
shatter/ 1 lead glazed redware fragment
44FK1077 5370 2925
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1077 5370 2932.5 R 4 flint shatter
44FK1077 5370 2955
1 flake
44FK1077 5370 2962.5 R 4 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1077 5370 2970
shatter
44FK1077 5370 2977.5 R 9 flint shatter
44FK1077 5370 2977.5 R 4 flint shatter, 1 Stalactite, 1 flint flake
75
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 56
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1077 5377.5 2895 R 2 flint shatter
44FK1077 5377.5 2925 R 1 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1077 5377.5 2940 R 3 flint shatter
44FK1077 5377.5 2955 R 4 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1077 5385 2887.5 R 1 Fcr, 1 cobble
44FK1077 5385 2910
shatter
44FK1077 5385 2985
shatter/ 1 flake
5385 3045
shatter/ 1 flake
5385 3150
shatter
5385 3195
shatter/ 1 flake
5385 3225
hammerstone/ 1 flake
5385 3285
shatter
5385 3300
shatter/ 1 flake
5385 3315
shatter
44FK1077 5392.5 2895 R 3 flint shatter
44FK1077 5400 2940
1 lead glazed redware fragment
44FK1077 5430 2955
3 brick fragments/ shatter
44FK1077 5430 2985
Prehistoric ceramic/ 1 flake
5430 3090
1 aqua inkwell glass fragment
44FK1079 5430 3180
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1079 5430 3195
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1079 5430 3210
1 flake
44FK1079 5430 3225
shatter/ 1 flake
5445 2970
1 creamware fragment
44FK1076 5467.5 2910 R English saltglazed stoneware
44FK1076 5467.5 2925 R 1 Unglazed redware
76
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 57
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1076 5475 2902.5 R 1 Lead glazed redware, 1 unglazed redware, 1 Wrought iron nail
44FK1076 5475 2917.5 R 2 Lead glazed redware, 4 Unglazed redware, 1 Pearlware
44FK1076 5475 2925
1 pearlware fragment/ 1 pipestem fragment/ 3 lead glazed redware fragments/ 7 unglazed redware
fragments/ 2 brick fragments
44FK1076 5475 2932.5 R 1 Buckley type redware, 2 Unglazed redware, 2 Pearlware (1 early polychrome), 1 Creamware
44FK1076 5475 2940
1 aqua glass fragment/ 1 glazed redware fragment/ 3 unglazed redware fragments
44FK1076 5475 2947.5 R 2 Buckley type redware, 2 Lead glazed redware, 1 unglazed redware, 1 quartz flake
44FK1076 5482.5 2910 R
1 Wrought nail, 1 Cut nail, 7 Lead glazed redware, 2 Unglazed redware, 1 mortar, 1 18th c. medicine
bottle glass, 1 Pearlware
44FK1076 5482.5 2940 R 1 Lead glazed redware, 1 unglazed redware, 1 burnt bone
44FK1076 5490 2910
2 wrought nails/ 6 lead glazed redware fragments/ 2 unglazed redware fragments/ 2 pieces of
pearlware/ 1 creamware fragment/ 1 cylinder window glass fragment
44FK1076 5490 2925
1 pearlware fragment/ 1 cut nail/ 3 redware fragments, animal tooth root
44FK1076 5490 2940
1 glazed redware fragment/ 1 unglazed redware fragment/ 1 creamware fragment
44FK1076 5497.5 2910 R
7 Brick, 2 Hearth slag, 3 Wrought iron nails, 1 Cut nail, 3 Pearlware (2 Green featheredge), 1 Lead glazed
redware, 1 Cow tooth fragment
44FK1076 5497.5 2925 R
1 Wrought nail, 1 Cut nail, 2 burnt bone, 7 Unglazed redware, 8 Lead glazed redware (Redware
rimsherd, copy of stoneware bottle), 2 Whiteware, 3 brick, 1 Late blue polychrome pearlware, 1 Cylinder
window glass
44FK1076 5497.5 2940 R 2 Lead glazed redware, 3 Unglazed redware
44FK1076 5505 2910
1 wrought nail/ 3 lead glazed redware fragments/ 6 unglazed redware fragments/ 1 white ware
fragment/ 2 wine glass fragments/ 2 cylinder window glass fragments/ 4 brick fragments/ 2 mortar
fragments
44FK1076 5505 2925
1 transfer print fragment/ 1 pearlware fragment/ 3 unglazed redware fragments/ 1 aqua glass fragment/
2 cut nails/ 5 brick fragments/ 1 slag/ 2 mortar fragments.
44FK1076 5505 2940
4 pearlware fragments/ 6 lead glazed redware fragments/ 7 unglazed redware fragments/ 1 cylinder
window glass fragment/ 4 brick frgmnts
5505 2997.5 R 1 Unglazed redware, 1 stalactite
44FK1076 5520 2910
2 brick frgmts.
77
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 58
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1076 5520 2925
brick frgmnt.
44FK1076 5520 2940
freeblown aqua bottle base fragment (1750-1800, Hume)/ 4 pieces lead glazed redware/ 1 piece bailing
wire/ 1 pig tooth
5520 3015
shatter/ 1 flake
5520 3045
shatter
5520 3090
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1076 5527.5 2947.5 R 3 Flat iron fragments, 3 Lead glazed redware fragments, 3 Unglazed redware fragments
5535 3075
shatter/ 1 flake
5565 2925
1 flake
5565 3090
shatter/ 1 flake
5625 3165
shatter
5640 3105
1 flake
5640 3165
1 flake
5670 2940
worked core
5670 2950
shatter
5670 3060
shatter
5670 3090
shater/ 1 flake
5670 3165
shatter
5670 3180
shatter
5685 2910
1 flake
5685 2925
shatter
5685 2970
fcr/ shatter
5715 3015
1 flake
5715 3180
plastic/ stoneware/ whiteware
5730 3015
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5775 2985
fcr/ shatter
78
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 59
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1078 5775 3015
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5775 3030
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5775 3045
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5775 3060
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5775 3075
shatter
44FK1078 5775 3090
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5797.5 3015 R 1 flint flake
44FK1078 5797.5 3022.5 R 1 Thermaly altered worked quartzite cobble/ 2 flint shatter
44FK1078 5797.5 3037.5 R 1 flint shatter
44FK1078 5797.5 3060 R 1 flint shatter, 1 quartzite flake
44FK1078 5805 2985
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 2992.5 R 1 River cobble fcr
44FK1078 5805 3000
fcr/ shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 3015
shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 3030
fcr/ shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 3030
fcr/ lithic collected from RW's stp on surface
44FK1078 5805 3045
fcr/ possible flakes
44FK1078 5805 3060
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 3075
fcr/ shatter/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5805 3090
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5812.5 3000 R 4 flint shatter, 1 flint flake
44FK1078 5812.5 3045 R 2 flint shatter, 1 quartzite cobble fcr, 3 flint flakes
44FK1078 5817.5 3030 R 2 flint shatter
44FK1078 5820 3030
shatter
44FK1078 5827.5 3045 R 1 flint cobble primary flake
44FK1078 5835 3000
fcr/ 1 flake
79
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 60
Artifact Catalog
The Ottery Group
Site N E Radial Description
44FK1078 5835 3045
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5835 3060
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5835 3075
fcr/ shatter
44FK1078 5835 3090
flake
44FK1078 5850 3030
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5850 3045
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5850 3075
fcr/ 1 flake
44FK1078 5865 3015
fcr/ 1 flake
80
The Ottery Group
Appendix B:
Archeological Site Forms
81
The Ottery Group
82
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 63
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
83
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 64
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
84
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 65
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
85
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 66
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
86
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 67
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
87
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 68
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
88
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 69
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
89
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 70
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
90
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 71
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
91
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 72
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
92
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 73
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
93
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 74
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
94
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 75
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
95
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 76
Archeological Site Forms
The Ottery Group
96
The Ottery Group
Appendix C:
Qualifications of Investigators
97
The Ottery Group
98
Phase I Archeological Survey – Apple Valley Road Tract 79
Qualifications of Investigators
LYLE C. TORP, RPA
Managing Director
Lyle C. Torp consults on issues related to compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act (NHPA), directs the preparation of environmental assessments under the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA), and performs a variety of services related to archeological and historical assessments and
historic preservation planning. He has extensive experience performing all phase of cultural resource
investigations, and has served as Principal Investigator on numerous compliance-related projects throughout
the country. Mr. Torp is fully-qualified under the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Archeology and
Historic Preservation at 36 CFR 61, and is certified in archeology by the RPA. Mr. Torp is a past President of
the Council for Maryland Archeology (CfMA), and has served two terms on the Board of Directors for the
American Cultural Resources Association (ACRA). Since 1998, Mr. Torp has directed the operations of a
consulting firm with a staff of cultural resource and environmental professionals. In this capacity he has
augmented his prior work experience in conducting ESAs, natural resource planning, and other
environmental services with a diverse professional staff serving clients throughout the United States. Lyle is
an Instructor in the Cultural Heritage Resource Management (CHRM) Program at the University of
Maryland.
KARL FRANZ, RA
Archeologist
Karl Franz is an Archeologist with The Ottery Group. He is certified in archeology by the RPA. He holds a
bachelors degree from Saint Mary’s College of Maryland (1991). Mr. Franz has been an archeologist in the
Middle Atlantic region 35 years, with experience in all levels of effort at historic and pre-contact Native
American sites in 20 states, with a focus in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions of the United States. He
has directed archeological projects for a variety of public, private, and government clients for purposes that
range from compliance-driven to academic research studies and is equally proficient in pre-contact Native
American and historical period site excavation and interpretation. In addition to project management and
laboratory direction duties, Mr. Franz has authored over 200 cultural resources technical reports in his career.
He has been employed by the Ottery Group for the last 19 years.
JAY LUNZE, MA
Crew Chief
Jay Lunze is an Archeologist with The Ottery Group. She holds a masters degree in maritime archeology
from the University of Southern Denmark (2011). Ms. Lunze has 20 years of experience in the fields of
archaeology, museum studies, and heritage management. She has worked as a museum educator and docent
at the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation as well as a docent and security guard at the Virginia Museum of
Fine Art. Throughout this time, she contributed to the publication of the transcribed and annotated journal
of George Washington’s journey to Barbados. Since 2018, she has been active in CRM field archaeology in
the Mid-Atlantic.
99
100
101
102
103
104
View 2
(Proposed)
From House on Kings Highway
10 Years Growth 105
View 3
(Proposed)
Proposed Main Entrance
Along Kings Highway at Entry
10 Years Growth
106
View 8
(Proposed)
Along Bloomsbury Road
(Proposed Berms / Landscaping)
10 Years Growth
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
Map Data Source: Frederick County, VA. GIS Department, 2025 Data.AERIAL EXHIBITWINCHESTER GATEWAY PHASE 1 - CUPFREDERICK COUNTY, VIRGINIADATE: 06-13-2025 PROJECT ID: 0036KDESIGNED BY: DJCSCALE:WINCHESTER GATEWAY PHASE 1 - CIUPAERIAL EXHIBITBACK CREEK DISTRICT1"=600'63 A 80IJONESRDMIDDL
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Subject Parcel
Parcels
City Boundary
116
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X X X X X X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNO 2 NO 4NO 6NO 1NO 3NO 5NO 2
NO 4
NO 6
NO 1
NO 3
NO 5
H1H2H3X0X3X2X1
NO 2 NO 4NO 6NO 1NO 3NO 5NO 2 NO 4NO 6NO 1NO 3NO 5NO 2
NO 4
NO 6
NO 1
NO 3
NO 5
H1H2H3X0X3X2X1
NO 2 NO 4NO 6NO 1NO 3NO 5H1H2H3X0X3X2X1H1H2H3X0X3X2X1
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X X X X X X X X X X X
30'30'30'30'30'40'
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30'
30'
30'
30'30'40'40'40'520.8'219.1'685.7'219.1'219.1'590.8'
225.3'
18
8
.
6
9
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614.96'474.29'225.74'1232.4'PROPOSEDSUBSTATIONLIMITS OFDISTURBANCE(APPROX.)10' SECURITY FENCELIMITS OFDISTURBANCE(APPROX.)LIMITS OFDISTURBANCE(APPROX.)LIMITS OFDISTURBANCE(APPROX.)10' SECURITY FENCE10' SECURITY FENCE10' SECURITY FENCEEX. Zoning Boundary(M1 & RA)Property LineWetland "A"Delineated Wetland "DE"Wetland "FG"Off-Site Wetland"BC"Delineated Wetland "BC"Delineated Wetland "DE"Delineated Wetland "BC"Off-Site Wetland"BC"Delineated Wetland "BC"Delineated Wetland "HI"SpringEx. 10" D.I.P. W/LEx. 10" D.I.P. W/LEx. 8" D.I.P. W/LEx. Fire Hydrant (F-182)Static Pressure = 68 PSIStatic Pressure = 1,233 GPMResidual Pressure = 54 PSITest Date: 04/24/2007Ex. Fire Hydrant (F-183)Static Pressure = 62 PSIStatic Pressure = 1,198 GPMResidual Pressure = 51 PSITest Date: 08/13/2012Ex. Fire Hydrant (F-184)Static Pressure = 50 PSIStatic Pressure = 1,140 GPMResidual Pressure = 46 PSITest Date: 02/15/2005Ex. 10" D.I.P. W/LFW 20"WL - ARVDATE:C.I.=OFSHEETFND 1971
ENGI NEER I NG
PROUDLY SERVING VIRGINIA & WEST VIRGINIA
OFFICES IN: ASHBURN, VA, WINCHESTER, VA, & MARTINSBURG, WV
45145 RESEARCH PLACE
ASHBURN, VIRGINIA 20147
TELEPHONE: (703) 328-0788
FAX: (540) 722-9528
WWW.GREENWAYENG.COMSCALE:CUP SKETCH PLAN
FREDERICK COUNTY, VIRGINIAN/A2025-11-06111"=100'WINCHESTER GATEWAY PHASE 1
118
119