HRAB 11-16-21 Meeting Agenda1.Minutes - March 2021, September 2021, and October 2021
1.A.Minutes - March 2021, September 2021, and October 2021
2.Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Redbud Run Solar Project
2.A.Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Redbud Run Solar Project
This CUP is for a utility scale solar project located on three parcels of land that total 264
acres. The site is located on the eastern side of Woods Mill Road (Route 660), north of
Pine Road (Route 661), approximately 0.5-miles north of Berryville Pike (Route 7) in
Winchester. The site is located in the Stonewall Magisterial District and identified by
Property Identification Numbers (PINs): 55-A-136, 55-A-137 and 55A-1-19.
AGENDA
HISTORIC RESOURCES ADVISORY BOARD
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 2021
6:00 PM
FIRST-FLOOR CONFERENCE ROOM
FREDERICK COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesMarch16.pdf
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesSeptember21.pdf
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesOctober19.pdf
HRAB11-16-21CUPRedbudRunSolarProject.pdf
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Historic Resources Advisory Board
Agenda Item Detail
Meeting Date: November 16, 2021
Agenda Section: Minutes - March 2021, September 2021, and October
2021
Title: Minutes - March 2021, September 2021, and October 2021
Attachments:
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesMarch16.pdf
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesSeptember21.pdf
HRAB11-16-21MeetingMinutesOctober19.pdf
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Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
March 16, 2021
Board of Supervisors Room of the County, Administrative Building
107 North Kent Street, Winchester, VA
Members Present: Oldham, Molden, Crawford, Powers, Rush, Meadows, Straub
Members Absent: O’Neil, Cantu
Staff Present: Candice Perkins and Maral Kalbian
Agenda Items:
Call to order at 6:00 p.m.
Item 1: Election of Chairman and Vice Chairman – Oldham and Crawford
Item 2: October 2020 Minutes - Approved
Item 3: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Eli Williams for a Special Events Facility.
The Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) considered the above referenced
Conditional Use Permit application during their meeting on March 16, 2021. The HRAB reviewed
information from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) and information provided by the
Applicant. The Applicant is seeking to operate a special events facility located at 1570 Gough Road,
Winchester. The subject property is 10.7 acres in size, and the special events would be conducted within
the existing barn or outdoors.
Historic Resources Advisory Board Comments:
The HRAB discussed the site and the construction of the house and the barn, specifically materials utilized
with the ongoing renovations. The historic character of the area and its potential as a rural historic district
was also discussed. Concern was expressed regarding the proposed location of the parking and its
visibility from Fawcett Gap Farm, outdoor lighting for the barn and the location of bathroom facilitates
that may be highly visible.
Following their review, the Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) recommended approval of the CUP
with the following comments:
• Recommendation that the applicant keep the original elements of the dwelling, including
windows and roofing
• Ensure the parking area is placed in a location that would not impact the viewshed of the Fawcett
Gap Farm. Parking should be relocated from the rear of the site to the side of the property.
• Recommendation for signage that describes the history of the site.
Meeting was adjourned at 7:00 p.m.
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Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
September 21, 2021
First Floor Conference Room of the County, Administrative Building
107 North Kent Street, Winchester, VA
Members Present: Oldham, Molden, Newcomb
Members Absent: Crawford, Powers, Cantu, Meadows, Straub
Staff Present: Candice Perkins and Maral Kalbian
Agenda Items:
Call to order at 6:00 p.m.
Item 1: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Bartonsville Energy Facility Phase 2
The Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) considered the above referenced
Conditional Use Permit application during their meeting on September 21, 2021. The HRAB reviewed
information from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) and information provided by
the Applicant. This application seeks to expand the site area of a previously approved conditional use
permit. The Phase 2 site area consists of 636 acres; the total combined site area for Phase 1 and
Phase 2 is 1,600 acres. The Project will consist of rows of ground-mounted photovoltaic modules,
commonly known as solar panels. The site is located north and south of Marlboro Road and west of
the Town of Stephens City; Phase 1 is north of Marlboro Road and Phase 2 is south of Marlboro Road.
Historic Resources Advisory Board Comments:
The HRAB discussed the site and the potential visual impact the project would have on surrounding
historic resources. The HRAB expressed concern for the viewshed of Grandview which is located at
a high point in this area and the potential impact. The Applicant stated that a buffer for this area
could be considered. Concern was expressed regarding the significant size of this project and its
location in a historic and scenic area of the County. It was noted that while this use may facilitate the
preservation of agricultural and rural land for future use, concern was expressed that solar facilities
previously approved and future requests and their potential to detract from the historic and rural
character of the County. The potential for the area to be considered a rural historic district was
discussed. During the HRAB’s review of the Phase 1 area, it was recommended that future historic
surveys document the eligibility for rural historic districts, but this was not completed. The HRAB
discussed Civil War activities that occurred on or near the site and the survey methods utilized by the
Applicant with the Phase 1 survey completed with the first phase of the project.
After reviewing the information provided, the Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
recommended approval of the CUP with the following:
• Recommendation: An enhanced buffer along Grand View (#034-1004) should be provided.
• Recommendation: A Phase 1 Archeological Survey will be completed as part of the permitting
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of this project. This survey should document the collection of historic structures on and around
this development and determine if this area would qualify as a rural historic district.
Meeting was adjourned at 7:30 p.m.
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Frederick County Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB)
October 19, 2021
First Floor Conference Room of the County, Administrative Building
107 North Kent Street, Winchester, VA
Members Present: Crawford, Powers, Newcomb, Straub (via phone)
Members Absent: Oldham, Cantu, Meadows, Molden
Staff Present: Candice Perkins and Maral Kalbian
Agenda Items:
Call to order at 6:00 p.m.
Item 1: Discussion and approval of the minutes was deferred to the November 2021 meeting.
Item 2: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for the Homestead Farm Historic Wright-Barton Venue
– Special Events Facility.
The HRAB considered the above referenced Conditional Use Permit application during their meeting
on October 19, 2021. The HRAB reviewed information from the Virginia Department of Historic
Resources (VDHR) and information provided by the Applicant. This application seeks to operate an
event center on 303 acres of land located at 1454 Apple Pike Ridge Road in Winchester.
The Applicant noted that they plan on having spring and fall events, with approximately 100 -150
maximum guests per event. The site has approximately 70 parking spaces and they intend to bring in
mobile restroom facilities. The Applicant also plans to widen the entrance to the site on Apple Pie Ridge
Road.
After reviewing the provided information, the Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) recommended
approval of the Conditional Use Permit as presented. The HRAB did recommend that the Applicant
consider putting the site on the state register and consider applying for a historic plaque.
Item 3: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for the Homestead Farm Historic Wright-Barton Venue
– Special Events Facility.
The HRAB considered the above referenced Conditional Use Permit application during their meeting on
October 19, 2021. The HRAB reviewed information from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources
and information provided by the Applicant. This application seeks operate an office and storage facility
for the Southern States Agricultural Supply Cooperative adjacent to its existing facility at 5844 Valley Pike,
Stephens City.
During the HRAB’s review of the application, concern was expressed regarding the visual impact from the
historic property known as Sycamore Hill (Boyer, Carmel, House #034-1003) which is located on the eastern
side of Route 11, directly across from the subject property. After reviewing the information provided, the
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Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) ultimately recommended approval of the rezoning with the
following comments:
• The Applicant should ensure that the visual impact to Sycamore Hill is minimized.
• Consideration for the relocation of the access road to the rear of the property.
• Installation of a vegetative buffer along Valley Pike, consisting of native species.
Meeting was adjourned at 7:30 p.m.
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Historic Resources Advisory Board
Agenda Item Detail
Meeting Date: November 16, 2021
Agenda Section: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Redbud Run Solar
Project
Title: Review of a Conditional Use Permit for Redbud Run Solar Project
Attachments:
HRAB11-16-21CUPRedbudRunSolarProject.pdf
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Item # 2
Conditional Use Permit for the Redbud Run Solar Project
The Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) has been asked to provide a review agency comment
pertaining to the Redbud Run Solar Project Conditional Use Permit application. This application seeks
to construct a utility scale solar project located on three parcels of land that total 264 acres. The
Project will consist of rows of ground-mounted photovoltaic modules, commonly known as solar
panels. Of the total site area, 150 acres is proposed to be developed with approximately 67,700
panels mounted on a solar racking system (fixed tilt racking system). The Project is expected to
deliver approximately 30 MW of electric energy which will be delivered to the Redbud-Gaylord 34.5kV
Rappahannock Electric Cooperative line located approximate 0.5-mile north of the site.
The Applicant has prepared a Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey which identifies
resources within 0.5-mile of the site. This survey identified 62 properties (including three districts),
and three previously recorded archaeological resources, within the Area of Potential Effects (APE).
Nine sites were identified as significant:
• 034-5023 – Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District
• 034-0456 – Opequon Battlefield Historic District
• 034-5035 – Milburn Rural Historic District
• 034-0110 – Jordan White Sulfur Springs
• 034-0723 – Duvall House
• 034-0704 – Brumley House/Smith Farm
• 034-1157 – Redbud Farm/Wood House
• 034-1147 – Red Bud United Brethren Church
• 034-0109 – High Banks
The Study of Civil War Sites in the Shenandoah Valley published by the National Park Service does
identifies the site as being within the study area for the Second Battle of Winchester (retained
integrity); no core battlefield is identified on the site.
Representatives of the Applicant will be available at the HRAB meeting to provide additional
information on the proposed Conditional Use Permit. Staff will be seeking comments from the HRAB
on the historical elements possibly impacted by the proposed development. The comments will be
included in the Conditional Use Permit application package. Please contact Staff if you have any
questions.
Please find the following attachments for your information:
• Location Map
• HRAB Application
• Impact Analysis
• Concept Plan
• Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
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HISTORIC RESOURCE ADVISORY BOARD
HRAB REVIEW APPLICATION
1. Project Name (if any):
2. Property Owner(s) (please attach additional page(s) if more than two owners):
Name:
Specific Contact Person if Other than Above:
Address:
Telephone: Email:
Name:
Specific Contact Person if Other than Above:
Address:
Telephone: Email:
3. Law firm, engineering firm, or other person, if any, serving as the primary contact
person for this application:
Firm Name:
Specific Contact Person at Firm: ______
Address: _______
Telephone: Email:
4. Property Information:
a. Property Identification Number(s):
b. Total acreage of the parcel(s):
c. Magisterial District(s):
d. Location - the property is located at (give street address(es) if assigned or otherwise exact
location based on nearest road and distance from nearest intersection, using road names
and route numbers):
Redbud Run Solar Project
JRW Properties & Rentals Inc.
Richie Wilkins
13 S. Loudoun Street, Winchester, VA 22601
(540) 662-7215 rwilkins@wilkinsco.com
Greenway Engineering, Inc.
(540) 662-4185
cmohn@greenwayeng.com
55-A-136, 55-A-137, 55A-1-19
264 +/- acres (excluding interconnection parcels)
Stonewall
The property is located east of Woods Mill Road (VA Route 660) and north of Pine
Road (VA Route 661), approximately 0.5-mile north of Berryville Pike (VA Route 7).
Chris Mohn
151 Windy Hill Lane, Winchester, VA 22602
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e. Type of Request – describe the type of land use application being submitted for review by
the HRAB (rezoning, conditional use permit, master development plan, etc):
f. Description of the proposal – provide a detailed overview of the proposed use:
g. Are there structures 50 years old or older within or adjacent to the project area?___yes____no
h. Has this project been previously reviewed by VA DHR? _____yes _______ DHR# ____no
i. Have any architectural or archaeological surveys of the area been conducted?___yes ____no
If yes, provide a copy of the survey.
j. Is this property within an existing or potential rural historic district? ___yes____no___unknown
k. Adjoining Properties:
Parcel ID Number Use Zoning
Conditional Use Permit (CUP) to establish a 30 MWac utility-scale solar energy
generation facility in the RA, Rural Areas Zoning District.
The proposed use is a 30 MWac utility-scale solar energy generation facility consisting of
solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, skid-mounted inverters/transformers, internal accessways, and
underground medium voltage power collection cables (see attached impact analysis statement for additional details).
See Attachment 1
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5. Checklist. Please check that the following items have been included with this
application:
_____ Copy of Rezoning, Master Development Plan, Conditional Use Permit application
and supporting materials, including at a minimum:
o Impact analysis required by Section 165-102.05 of the Frederick County
Zoning Ordinance, including the location of historic structures and sites in
relation to the site and impacts on those historic structures and sites.
o Any rezoning proffers proposed by the applicant to preserve historic and
archaeological resources on the site pursuant to Section 165-102.06 of the
Zoning Ordinance.
o Generalized Development Plan, Master Development Plan, Conditional Use
Site Plan for the property, if available, showing the type and location of
proposed new development and the treatment of any historic structures and
features on the site.
o Description of proposed development or construction project, including
proposed uses and general timeframe for development.
_____ Description of proposed development or construction project, including proposed
uses and general timeframe for development.
_____ Status of any identified historic or archaeological resources on the site or adjacent to
the site (e.g., located in any identified historic area, survey area, or battlefield site or
individually listed on a local, State, or national historic register, relevant information
on record with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources - DHR) and presence
of other historic structures or significant landscape features or archaeological sites.
_____ Provide mapping from the DHR’s Virginia Cultural Resource Information System
(V-CRIS).
_____ Indicate if structures 50 years old or older are present on the site but have not been
surveyed and recorded at DHR. The date of construction for structures is often
indicated in County tax records.
_____ Clear and labeled color photographs of all historic resources on the property and
adjacent to the property. For properties located on the site, provide interior views
that identify the character and defining features of the site. These photographs need
to show all existing buildings and the relationship of the proposed project to the
surrounding area.
_____ Drawings showing the location of existing building and other structures on the site.
_____ If sites have previously been surveyed and recorded with DHR, but the survey is more
than 10 years old, a new reconnaissance-level survey shall be conducted.
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REDBUD SOLAR FACILITY ADJOINING PROPERTIES
ID Tax Map Number Owner Mailing Address City & State Zip Assessed Acreage Zoning
1 55A 3 A WHITACRE ROLAND W, WHITACRE LINDA W 1392 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0.9 RA
2 55A 2 A PERRY PATRICIA D 1466 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 8.46 RA
3 56 A 3 HALLAM BENJAMIN P, HALLAM JEAN JOHNSON 1586 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 54 RA
4 55 5 5 HAWKINS CYNTHIA 240 FEATHERSTONE CT STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.07 RA
5 55 5 6 FRAWLEY EDWARD J TRUSTEE, FRAWLEY ROSE MARIE TRUSTEE 243 FEATHERSTONE CT STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.12 RA
6 55 5 8 HARTMAN ERIN M, HARTMAN BRIAN R 172 WHETSTONE CT STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.04 RA
7 55 5 9 PULLEN LARRY R, PULLEN ELIZABETH M TRUSTEES 182 WHETSTONE CT STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.13 RA
8 55 5 10 BROWN BETTY 181 WHETSTONE CT STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.15 RA
9 55 8 1 WILLIS CHRISTOPHER D 141 RIDING CHAPEL RD STEPHENS CITY, VA 22655 10 RA
10 55 A 137E ADAMKIEWICZ SUSAN LYNN 319 PINE RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 7.51 RA
11 55 A 137D MCGUIRE MICHALE A, MCGUIRE NORMA J 295 PINE RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 3 RA
12 55 A 137A TRUSTEES OF EMMANUEL UNITED, METHODIST CHURCH 2732 MARTINSBURG PIKE STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
13 55 A 137C BENNETT GEORGE P, BENNETT JUDITH A 263 PINE RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.01 RA
14 55 A 138 SEMPELES STEPHANIE M 180 PINE RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 21.5 RA
15 55 A 139 SEMPELES STEPHANIE M 180 PINE RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 7.31 RA
16 55 A 109A JENKINS BRYAN SCOTT 1605 HANDLEY AVE WINCHESTER, VA 22601 9.44 RA
17 55 A 110 JENKINS BETTE P 1712 REAVES ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 1.75 RA
18 55 A 111 JENKINS JEFFREY G 1631 REDBUD RD WINCHESTER, VA 22603 6.18 RA
19 55 A 112 JENKINS GARLAND W, JENKINS BARBARA D 393 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 10.03 RA
20 55 A 112A WALLINGER ANN H 417 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.11 RA
21 55 A 124 MENGEL THOMAS C, MENGEL RACHAEL E PO BOX 242 STEPHENSON, VA 22656 7.3 RA
22 55 A 125 SIMKHOVITCH RONALD SR, SIMKHOVITCH VELMA PO BOX 46 STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5 RA
23 55 A 126A SPEVAK IDA M, SPEVAK SAMUEL I PO BOX 3750 WINCHESTER, VA 22604 2.45 RA
24 55 A 127B DUNLAP EDITH M PO BOX 73 STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.12 RA
25 55 A 127C FREDERICK COUNTY VIRGINIA 107 N KENT ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 0.05 RA
26 55 A 127 J R W PROPERTIES & RENTALS INC 13 S LOUDOUN ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 24.98 RA
27 55 7 4 JOHNS M LESLIE JR 250 DEVILS BACKBONE OVERLOOK STEPHENSON, VA 22656 23.22 RA
28 55 7 3 COMER RONALD L 743 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 20.04 RA
29 55A 1 1 WOHL HEIDI 2566 E PAULSTAN CT SARASOTA, FL 34237 1 RA
30 55A 1 2 MYERS NATHAN LEE, MYERS KELSEY MARIE 758 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
31 55A 1 3 ATKINSON JANET 768 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
32 55A 1 4 MUNDY MATTHEW W, MUNDY MELODY D 776 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 4.5 RA
33 55A 1 8 WELCH KEVIN J 830 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.28 RA
34 55A 1 9 WELCH KEVIN J 830 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.06 RA
35 55A 1 10 DORSEY ELMER R, DORSEY NETTIE E 840 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
36 55A 1 11 DORSEY ELMER R, DORSEY NETTIE E 840 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
37 55A 1 12 DORSEY ELMER R, DORSEY NETTIE E 840 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
38 55A 1 13 FELTNER JEFFREY A, FELTNER ANTINEA R 870 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.25 RA
39 55A 1 14 RUSSELL SHARON G, RUSSELL REBEKAH L PO BOX 115 WHITE POST, VA 22663 1.2 RA
40 55A 1 15 FRICKE JOHN C JR, FRICKE CLARA M 886 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
41 55A 1 16 BORROR RANDY DAVID 896 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0 RA
42 55A 1 17 NEWLIN TINA 906 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 1.11 RA
43 55A 1 18 JRW PROPERTIES & RENTALS INC 13 S LOUDOUN ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 0 RA
44 55A 1 20 JRW PROPERTIES & RENTALS INC 13 S LOUDOUN ST WINCHESTER, VA 22601 0 RA
45 55A 1 21 WILLIAMS ROBERT L 946 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 2.57 RA
46 55A 1 22A LEE RONALD ALLEN, LEE MARY CATHERINE 1947 MARTINSBURG PIKE WINCHESTER, VA 22603 1 RA
47 44 A 294A AITKEN TONIE WALLACE 315 POORHOUSE RD WINCHESTER, VA 22603 176.25 RAB2
Source: Frederick County, VA GIS, 2021 Data
ATTACHMENT 1 15
REDBUD SOLAR FACILITY ADJOINING PROPERTIES
48 44 A 295 REXRODE WILLIAM M 1099 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 3.89 RA
49 44 A 296 CONNER HAROLD R, CONNER ALLEN R 1010 WOODS MILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0.46 RA
50 44 A 297A CONNER ALLEN R 1010 WOODSMILL RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0.37 RA
51 45 4 1 2 FORTNEY CLARK D, FORTNEY BARBARA K 1281 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 3.04 RP
52 45 5 2 15 BRIDGES JEFFREY TODD, BRIDGES DENISE LINGO 125 HUMMINGBIRD LN STEPHENSON, VA 22656 5.05 RP
53 45 4 1 4 BELL CATHERINE SUE 1373 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 3.08 RP
54 45 4 1 5 KIENE CAROLYN L 1373 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 3.22 RP
55 55A 3 B VEGA BRUNO G 1384 JORDAN SPRINGS RD STEPHENSON, VA 22656 0.56 RA
Source: Frederick County, VA GIS, 2021 Data
ATTACHMENT 1 16
Frederick County
Impact Analysis Statement for
Conditional Use Permit Application
Redbud Run Solar LLC
106 Isabella St, Suite 400
Pittsburgh, PA 15212
Draft for Comment
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Table of Contents
Project Narrative ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Description of the Owner ............................................................................................................................... 3
Description of Property .................................................................................................................................. 3
Project Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 4
a. Facility Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4
b. Construction Schedule ...................................................................................................................... 5
c. Compliance with County Regulation ................................................................................................. 5
d. Operations and Maintenance Plan .................................................................................................... 6
Impact Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Ecological Resources .................................................................................................................................... 7
a. Water Resources .............................................................................................................................. 7
b. Protected Species ............................................................................................................................. 8
Cultural Resources ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Economics ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Safety ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Traffic ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Prime Farmland ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Air & Noise .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Consistency with Frederick County Comprehensive Plan .......................................................................... 10
Potential Route 37 East Bypass ................................................................................................................. 10
Decommissioning Plan ................................................................................................................................ 11
Project Contacts .......................................................................................................................................... 11
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PROJECT NARRATIVE
This Impact Analysis Statement has been prepared in support of a Conditional Use Permit (“CUP”)
application submitted by Redbud Run Solar LLC (“Redbud Run” or “Applicant”), a wholly owned subsidiary
of Oriden LLC (“Oriden”, “Facility Owner” and “Operator”). Oriden is the renewable energy development
arm and a group company of Mitsubishi Power Americas, Inc. (“MPA”). Oriden plans to construct a small
utility-scale solar energy facility (“Facility”) in Frederick County, Virginia. The proposed Redbud Run Solar
project (“Project”) will have a project nameplate of 30 MWac and will be located on approximately 263 acres
of pasture and timberland adjacent to Woods Mill Road (VA Route 660), of which approximately 150 acres
will be developed with solar arrays and enclosed by security fencing.
DESCRIPTION OF THE OWNER
Oriden is comprised of a team of experienced renewable project development professionals that have over
3 GW of development and 752 MW of operational asset experience.
Oriden is a full-service renewable energy developer from concept to operations, with capabilities spanning
across site selection, environmental and regulatory permitting, interconnection, power marketing, project
financing, EPC, and O&M.
As a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd (“MHI”) and MPA, Oriden has access to
a large balance sheet that is capable of supporting the Project’s financing requirements. We have a diverse
portfolio of solar photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system (ESS) projects across the U.S. and a sizable
near-term development pipeline with growth potential backed up by long-term financial commitment.
Oriden’s first solar + energy storage project was constructed in late 2020. In addition, Oriden has two solar
projects currently under construction that are slated to come online at the end of 2021.
Together, the Oriden team members take pride in our 130 years of combined experience in the U.S.
renewable energy industry. The team has taken a leading role in taking over 3 GW of renewable energy
generation projects, as small as 1.5MW and as large as 370MW, through development and into
construction. Having navigated through the challenges of both early and late-stage development, the team
is well versed in the tasks required to overcome inevitable obstacles and advance projects into operations.
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY
The Project is located approximately 2 miles east of Interstate 81, roughly 0.5-miles north of Berryville Pike
(VA Route 7) near the intersection of Woods Mill Road (VA Route 660) and Pine Road (VA Route 661) in
the Stonewall Magisterial District. The Project consists of seven parcels. Three of the parcels, totaling
approximately 263 acres, are under lease option for the solar Facility. The other four parcels are under
option for easements to support the underground medium voltage electric line connecting the site to the
pole-mounted Point of Interconnection (POI) located approximately 0.5-miles north of the site.
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The parcels comprising the CUP application are as follows:
Project Parcels
Tax Map
Number Owner Acreage Zoning Project Component
55-A-136 JRW Properties & Rentals Inc 128.99 RA Solar Arrays and Equipment
55-A-137 JRW Properties & Rentals Inc 134.00 RA Solar Arrays and Equipment
55-A-1-19 JRW Properties & Rentals Inc 0.94 RA Facility Access
55-A-135 Ronald A. & Mary C. Lee 6.00 RA Underground Interconnection Line
55-A-134 Allen R. Conner 11.00 RA Underground Interconnection Line
44-A-297 Allen R. Conner 13.78 RA Underground Interconnection Line
45-4-1-3 John M. & K. June Conley 3.07 RP
Underground Interconnection Line/
Pole-mounted Point of
Interconnection (POI)
The three parcels proposed for development with solar PV arrays, related equipment, and Facility access
are zoned RA, Rural Areas District, and are currently in various forms of agricultural use, to include pasture,
hayfield, and timber harvesting. Three of the four parcels proposed for locating the underground tie line and
easement are also zoned RA and currently contain residential uses. The fourth parcel is also where the
pole-mounted POI will be located, is zoned RP, Residential Performance District, and the current use of
the property is residential.
PROJECT OVER V IEW
a. Facility Summary
The Facility will utilize mounted photovoltaic solar panels to convert sunlight into DC electricity, which will
be converted to AC electricity via solar inverters. These solar inverters will consist of skid-mounted
inverters/transformers, and the total facility capacity will be up to 30,000,000 Watts (AC).
The Facility will consist of approximately 67,700 photovoltaic solar panels mounted on a solar racking
system. The Project is expected to use a fixed tilt racking system.
The inverters will balance the module output in terms of voltage and current in DC power and then invert
the power into 630-volt AC power output. Each skid will hold inverters and one padmount transformer to
transform the voltage to 34.5 kV. The Project will include the following key components:
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• Rows of Photovoltaic (PV) panels mounted on posts principally driven into the ground. Rows of
panels are typically spaced 20-40ft apart to avoid shading from each racking table. Each post is
placed individually in an effort to minimize the amount of on-site grading. Oriden is planning to build
solar arrays to be on racks that would cover approximately 103.3 acres, or 39%, of the Facility area.
• Electrical collection and communications lines are either mounted on the racking, buried in
conduits, or located on overhead utility poles.
• Communication and facility control system and related equipment.
• Unpaved on-site access roads 14-ft wide with sufficient turning radii, grassy and gravel driving
aisles, and three entrances from Woods Mill Road allowing a maintenance vehicle to drive around
the solar array.
• Chain link security fencing located around the perimeter of the solar array areas spaced 15ft-25ft
from the racking tables.
• Stormwater, erosion and sedimentation control features and basins are located in the solar array
areas based on preliminary civil engineering recommendations.
The Project will interconnect to the Redbud-Gaylord 34.5 kV Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC)
line located approximately 0.5-mile north of the site. Power will be delivered to the POI via an underground
medium voltage electric line within a 30-foot-wide easement. Interconnection applications were submitted
to PJM Interconnection (PJM) and REC in July 2020 and studies are in progress. An Interconnection
Agreement is expected to be executed for the Project in 2022.
b. Construction Schedule
Upon completion of all permitting requirements, we are anticipating construction of the Project to take
approximately nine to twelve months, from issuance of notice to proceed, to achieve commercial operation.
Construction is anticipated to begin with civil site work in late 2022, with equipment installation to begin in
early 2023. The proposed commercial operation date is December 2023. Final site restoration may be
completed late 2023 into early 2024.
c. Compliance with County Regulation
In accordance with Section 165-401.03.CC. of the Frederick County Zoning Ordinance (Zoning Ordinance),
a utility-scale solar power generating facility is permitted in the RA District with approval of a Conditional
Use Permit (CUP). The Concept Plan submitted with the CUP application demonstrates compliance with
applicable requirements of the RA District as well as other relevant provisions of the Zoning Ordinance,
notably concerning protection of environmental features. Utility-scale solar power generating facilities are
further subject to the Additional Regulations for Specific Uses applicable to Public Utilities. Specifically,
Section 165-204.26.2. requires a facility developer to enter into a written decommissioning agreement and
obtain site plan approval prior to establishment of the use, both of which will be completed for the Project.
Moreover, the required site plan will address the technical design standards of relevant review agencies
internal and external to Frederick County, thereby ensuring compliance with all applicable County and state
regulations.
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d. Operations and Maintenance Plan
Oriden is evaluating multiple Tier 1 O&M contractors for this Project. The contractor will have a dedicated
team of field service engineers and technicians who actively oversee the quality and performance of the
Project by using preventive, corrective, and predictive maintenance approaches. Each of these methods
employs some or all of a number of services to include, but not limited to, performance monitoring and
diagnostics, energy forecasting, warranty administration, and preventative maintenance, which could
include module cleaning, IV Curve analysis, thermographic & aerial imaging, vegetation control,
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and parts replacement.
The scope of O&M would further include scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. The scheduled
maintenance is outlined by equipment manufacturer product manuals, and the unscheduled maintenance
would involve fixing problems once they occur. Given Oriden’s capability to leverage the in-house
knowledge of our team member’s past professional experience as both asset managers as well as
operators, combined with preferred O&M firm’s vast experience and knowledge of O&M services, we are
confident that the exacting specifications for facility performance will be met.
I MPACT ANALYSIS
In accordance with Section 165-103.02 of the Zoning Ordinance, the Board of Supervisors must consider
several standards when deciding whether to approve a CUP request. The intent of these inter-related
standards is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of County residents and ensure the proposed use will
not adversely impact the surrounding community. The Project satisfies the standards for approval as
follows:
• The Project is a passive land use that will be integrated into the landscape in a manner that is
harmonious with the established rural character of the area. The Project will maintain the existing
size and configuration of the subject parcels and will generally follow existing topography. By
forestalling subdivision of the property, the Project will ensure that the established pattern of
development in this area is preserved. Additionally, the Project’s operation will not add traffic to
the rural road network, nor will noise, light, or vibrations be generated, which will avoid
disturbance to the existing rural character of the area.
• The Project’s passive nature will further promote its harmonious co-existence with surrounding
properties. In addition to its lack of traffic-, noise-, light-, or vibration-related impacts, the Project’s
design will avoid and minimize adverse effects to the viewsheds enjoyed in the surrounding area.
Mature trees will be preserved along existing stream and drainage channels within the site as
well as along site boundaries. Where existing vegetation does not exist or is otherwise
insufficient, supplemental landscaping will be planted. The combination of tree preservation and
new landscape plantings will mitigate potential visual impacts to surrounding properties and
protect rural viewsheds.
• The Project will advance the goals and policies of the Frederick County Comprehensive Plan by
establishing an interim use of agricultural land that will preempt residential subdivision and
generate revenue for both the owner and County for the duration of the Project lease. By
forestalling subdivision, the Project will preserve the subject acreage for future agriculture or
other rural use and promote the directing of new residential growth away from the rural areas to
the Urban Development Area (“UDA”).
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• The Project will preserve the natural character of the subject acreage and surrounding area
through site design that integrates and protects interconnected environmental resources, to
include streams, riparian buffers, steep slopes, and mature vegetation. Such onsite resource
protection supports the contiguity and cohesiveness of natural corridors that extend onto
adjoining properties, thereby promoting the vitality of wildlife habitats and other ecosystems in
the surrounding area and County overall.
• The Project is a passive use that will neither require nor impact public services. The Project will
not generate any daily vehicular traffic, as access will only be required for periodic maintenance
activities. Such access will be provided by three entrances on Woods Mill Road, the existing
condition of which is adequate to accommodate the Project’s limited vehicular trips. Installation of
the Project entrances will further occur in accordance with applicable VDOT design and
permitting requirements. The Project can be developed without impacting drainage conditions in
the surrounding area and will be designed to comply with current County and state stormwater
management requirements. The Project will therefore be adequately served by existing and
planned infrastructure.
• The Project will conform to the applicable regulations of the RA, Rural Areas District. Notably, the
required setbacks of the district are used to establish the perimeter boundaries of the solar array
land bays, wherein all Project structures and equipment will be located.
A detailed analysis of Project impacts is provided in the following sections.
ECOLOGIC AL RESOURCES
a. Water Resources
Field surveys conducted by Pennoni in November 2020 and September 2021 identified stream and wetland
resources within the Project area. The Project has been designed to avoid direct impacts to these sensitive
resources. Underground medium voltage electric collection lines will be installed below two perennial
streams (unnamed tributaries to Opequon Creek) via conventional bore to avoid impacts.
A request for a Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination (PJD) was submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (“USACE”) in August 2021. A supplemental PJD request for additional properties studied this
Fall was submitted in October 2021. Whereas an applicant may pursue an Approved JD when the
jurisdiction of a particular resource is in question, a PJD is typically pursued in instances where the applicant
presumes all streams and wetlands delineated are under federal jurisdiction. USACE’s site visit to support
the PJD is expected to be conducted in November 2021. A copy of the PJD will be forwarded upon
receipt.
The streams identified within the Project area by Pennoni’s delineation differ from those depicted by County
GIS data in certain areas. Based on established practice, the County will accept the results of the
delineation as the basis for site design with submission of the PJD indicating concurrence of the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers with Pennoni’s findings. The CUP Concept Plan depicts stream resources per
Pennoni’s delineation and applies required riparian buffers accordingly.
No Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) floodplains are within the Project area.
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Erosion and sediment control plans and stormwater management plans, designed in accordance with
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Erosion and Sediment Control Regulations and Stormwater
Management Program Regulations, respectively, will be approved prior to any land-disturbing activity and
the Project’s Building Permit issuance.
No water supply or sewage facilities are needed for the Project. Routine maintenance, such as panel
cleaning, may require water to be trucked in periodically.
b. Protected Species
Oriden submitted a Project Review request to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
(“DCR”) in September 2021. DCR’s response from October 2021 confirmed that natural heritage resources
have not been documented within the Project boundary. Oriden also completed a review of the information
and data available through the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries’ (“VDGIF”) Fish and
Wildlife Information Service (“FWIS”) and Wildlife Environmental Review Map Service (“WERMS”). No
sensitive resources were identified within the Project area.
A copy of the protected species search results and consultations is provided as Attachment 1.
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Cardno was commissioned to review the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (“DHR”) CRIS and
complete Cultural and Historic Resource fieldwork to allow the Project to meet the VA DEQ Permit by Rule
requirements. Cultural resource surveys were completed in May and September 2021, and the results will
be submitted to the DHR in October 2021. A Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey report (“Phase
I Survey”) is provided as Attachment 2.
Cardno’s Phase I Survey concluded that the Project site will not affect protected archaeological resources
or sites that have historical, cultural, or sacred significance. The Phase I Survey further determined that the
Project will not impact protected historic properties in the Project vicinity due to the combination of existing
vegetation and topography.
E CONOMICS
The Project would provide a one-time pulse of economic activity to Frederick County during its construction
phase supporting temporary construction jobs and associated economic output (e.g., spending for food,
lodging and other services). The Project will also make a significant fiscal contribution to Frederick County,
through the machine and tool tax revenue.
An analysis of the property values for adjoining properties was conducted by Kirkland Appraisals, and the
report will be provided in the Application. The analysis concluded that the adjoining properties are well
set back from the proposed solar panels. Most of the site has good existing landscaping for screening, and
additional supplemental vegetation is proposed to supplement screening. The matched pair analysis shows
no impact on home values due to abutting or adjoining a solar farm, as well as no impact to abutting or
adjacent vacant residential or agricultural land where the solar farm is properly screened and buffered. The
criteria that typically correlates with downward adjustments on property values (e.g., noise, odor, traffic)
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indicate that a solar farm is a compatible use for rural/residential transition areas and that it would function
in a harmonious manner with this area.
SAFETY
Solar facilities are designed to strict electrical safety standards for safe operation. Product safety standards,
installation requirements, and building codes for solar facilities are addressed by the National Fire
Protection Agency’s National Electrical Code, the International Code Council’s International Fire Code, the
International Association of Firefighters, and several other safety and product standards groups.
The Project was submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) for an aeronautical study. The
FAA determinations returned in February 2021 indicate the Project will not be a hazard to air navigation.
Oriden, in collaboration with the O&M contractor, will be fully responsible for the security of the facility, for
maintaining consistent safety standards within the Project area, and for communicating with first responders
in the event of an emergency. Local first responders will be given training regarding safety and system
shutdown procedures. Security lighting may be used in select locations where needed, but overall, the
Project will not be lit.
TRAFFIC
Three entrances are proposed on Woods Mill Road (VA Route 660) to provide vehicular access to each of
the Project’s solar array land bays. A temporary entrance is also proposed on Pine Road for use during the
Project’s construction phase. Traffic generation will be greatest during Project construction but will drop
precipitously once the Project is operational and will remain virtually non-existent thereafter. In fact, the
Project will not generate any daily traffic, as vehicular access will be limited to periodic site visits by the
O&M contractor. As such, the Project will have no discernable impact on Woods Mill Road or the
surrounding rural road network.
P RIME FARMLAND
Approximately 50.2 acres (19%) of the Project area consist of soils classified as prime farmland, portions
of which will be used for solar arrays and related equipment. The interim nature of the Project will enable
these soils to be returned to active agriculture upon decommissioning, should the owner choose to do so.
AIR & NOISE
Temporary, minimal air emissions may occur during the construction phase of the Project while equipment
and machinery is used to prepare the site and install the Facility. The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
will be adhered to, minimizing the potential for fugitive dust impacts during construction activities. Once
construction is complete, an operating solar farm is not a source of air emissions.
Temporary, elevated noise levels may occur during the construction phase of the Project, but once
construction is complete, an operating solar farm emits minimal noise during the day and is dormant at
night. In addition, Oriden is committed to taking steps to minimize and mitigate visual impacts of the Project
through vegetative buffers and setbacks from property lines, which will provide additional sound dampening
benefits as well.
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C ONSISTENCY WITH F REDERICK C OUNTY C OMPREHENSIVE P LAN
The Frederick County Comprehensive Plan (“Comprehensive Plan”) indicates that “utility-scale solar
facilities are typically passive uses with limited impacts to the environment and rural character” that can
“facilitate the preservation of agricultural and rural land for future use” and “provide opportunities for
landowners to recoup value from their property without subdividing” (Chapter IV, p. 35). As such, the
Comprehensive Plan is generally supportive of establishing this land use in appropriate areas, with the
CUP process identified as the mechanism for ensuring that surrounding properties are protected from
potential impacts.
The topography and configuration of the Project site enable the proposed utility-scale solar facility to be
established and operated without adverse impact to surrounding properties or the prevailing rural character
of the area. Specifically, the terrain is such that the solar arrays can be effectively screened from view from
Woods Mill Road and adjoining properties through a combination of existing mature vegetation and new
landscape plantings. Additionally, streams and riparian corridors within the site include substantial areas of
mature woodlands, the preservation of which will provide continuity to existing viewsheds after Project
development. These unique characteristics combine to make the subject property an appropriate location
for a utility-scale solar facility consistent with the Comprehensive Plan.
The Project also represents an alternative means of revenue generation for the property owner that does
not require residential subdivision, and further enables the owner to return the property to active agriculture
after the lease term ends and the facility is decommissioned. These outcomes promote the inter-related
goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan concerning residential development and farmland
preservation. Specifically, by forestalling subdivision of the property, the Project eliminates the potential for
by-right residential development on 263 acres of rural land for the duration of the lease term (30 years). As
such, the Project will facilitate direction of residential growth away from the rural areas and toward the UDA,
where it is desired. Additionally, the required decommissioning process will enable the property to be
returned to active agriculture, effectively preserving valuable farmland for future use.
POTENTIAL ROUTE 37 EAST BYPASS
The Comprehensive Plan includes a potential expansion of the Route 37 East Bypass, a portion of which
crosses the proposed Project site. To the applicant’s knowledge, right-of-way has not been acquired and
VDOT funding has not been allocated for the bypass expansion; however, the Comprehensive Plan
indicates that it is a priority for the county’s long-term planning. Therefore, the facility design will
accommodate potential construction of the future Route 37 East Bypass during the facility’s life cycle. To
that end, the following design measures will be applied:
• Solar PV panels proposed within the planned Route 37 East Bypass corridor will be placed
strategically to enable removal without compromising facility operation.
• Permanent entrances to the facility will be located to the north and south of the planned Route 37
East Bypass corridor to avoid the need for relocation and/or redesign.
• Inverter pads, underground collection lines, and related improvements will be placed to minimize
the need for relocation.
• Underground collection lines crossing the planned Route 37 East Bypass corridor will be
appropriately encased during installation to support continuous and safe operation in the event of
road construction.
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DECOMMISSIONING PLAN
At the end of the project’s life, the Project infrastructure will be decommissioned and removed. As added
protection for Project landowners and host municipalities, Oriden will put financial security in place early in
the life of the Project ensuring that neither the host communities nor the landowners will bear any
responsibility for decommissioning or restoration. A decommissioning plan is being prepared for the
Project and will be provided with the Application. This plan will be refined to include cost estimates prior
to County review and approval of the Site Plan.
PROJECT CONTACTS
Gary Verkleeren
Director, Construction & Development
106 Isabella Street, Suite 400
Pittsburgh PA, 15212
P: (412) 915-9017
E: Gary.Verkleeren@OridenPower.com
Ali Trunzo
Manager, Development
106 Isabella Street, Suite 400
Pittsburgh PA, 15212
P: (412) 230-6684
E: Ali.Trunzo@OridenPower.com
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Phase I Cultural Resource
Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project
Frederick County, Virginia
October 2021
32
Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project, Virginia
Document Information
Project Name Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey, Redbud Run Solar Project
DHR File Number 2021-0163
Cardno Project Number E319302502
Principal Investigator James N. Ambrosino, PhD, RPA
Project Manager Ryan Rupprecht
Date October 2021
Prepared for:
Oriden
106 Isabella Street, Suite 400
Pittsburgh, PA 15212
Prepared by:
Valerie Nobles, MA, RPA
Lillian Hutzell
Kimberly Hinder, MHP
James N. Ambrosino, Ph.D., RPA
Cardno, Inc.
104 South White Street, Suite 205, Wake Forest, North Carolina 27587
33
Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project, Virginia
October 2021 Cardno Executive Summary i
Executive Summary
In May and September 2021, Cardno, Inc. (Cardno) conducted a Phase I cultural resources identification
survey for the proposed Redbud Run Solar Project in Frederick County, Virginia by Oriden, LLC (Oriden).
Oriden is proposing a ~30 MW AC solar project to interconnect to the adjacent Rappahannock Electric Co-
op 34.5 kV electric line. The Redbud Run Project is located approximately 2.4 miles east of Winchester,
Virginia in northeastern Frederick County. As proposed, the project will consist of approximately 154.3 acres
of solar arrays contained within fencing, located on the south side of Woods Mill Road. The disturbance
zone for the project consists of various elements including the fenced solar array boundaries, access roads,
three staging areas, connection lines, the point of interconnection (POI), and three strips of plantings to
create vegetative screening.
The Phase I cultural resource survey was completed to fulfill compliance with the Virginia Department of
Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) Small Renewable Energy Projects (Solar) Permit by Rule (PBR) regulation
(Virginia Code 9VAC15-60). The fieldwork and the resulting report conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (FR48: 190:44716-44742 – U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1983) and the current guidelines set forth by the Virginia Department of Historic
Resources (VDHR 2017). The purpose of Phase I archaeological and architectural surveys was to locate
and document the presence of all archaeological and historic architectural resources within the project
disturbance zone, and provide a recommendation for eligibility for inclusion in the Virginia Landmarks
Register (VLR) and/or the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for each resource. Additionally,
architectural resources within one-half mile of the project disturbance zone were recorded and considered
for potential visual effects during the survey.
During the Phase I identification survey, three previously recorded sites were revisited and no new
archaeological resources were identified. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding 44FK0383, a 19th
century historic farmstead, yielded no cultural material, and no aboveground features were identified. The
site boundaries were not updated, and the site remains not eligible for the NRHP. Previously recorded site
44FK0385, a 19th to 20th century farmstead, yielded one additional artifact during this survey, and as a result
the original site boundaries were updated. However, the site is recommended not eligible for the NRHP and
no further work is warranted. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding the boundaries of 44FK0423,
a mid-19th century historic site, yielded no cultural material. Additionally, no aboveground features were
observed. As a result, the original site boundaries were not updated and the site remains not evaluated for
the NRHP. Metal detecting conducted within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District, along the
western edge of survey areas, did not yield any archaeological material.
During the historical portion of the survey, Cardno documented 62 properties including three districts in the
APE that were more than 50 years old and evaluated these properties to determine potential NRHP
eligibility. As a result of this survey, nine resources were identified as significant properties, meaning that
they were either previously NRHP-listed, determined NRHP eligible or this survey found them potentially
NRHP eligible. These include: High Banks (034-0109), Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester
(034-0456), Second Winchester Battlefield (034-5023), Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035), Jordan
White Sulfur Springs (030-0110), Duvall House (034-0723), Brumley House/Smith Farm (034-0704),
Redbud Farm/Wood House (formerly Charles W. Wood’s Miller’s House; 034-1157), and Red Bud United
Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147). Three additional properties, J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson
Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064), Backbone Farm (034-1114), and 180 Pine Road (034-5399) were found to have
an unknown eligibility as the structures on the parcel were not visible from the public right-of-way. Viewshed
analysis revealed that the existing topography as well as existing tree canopy and vegetation outside of the
34
Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project, Virginia
October 2021 Cardno Executive Summary ii
construction footprint would shield the eligible properties from adverse visual effects. Provided the existing
vegetation outside of the construction footprint is maintained, this project would have no adverse effect on
NRHP listed or eligible properties and no mitigation is anticipated.
Based on the results of this investigation, it is believed that the development of the current project area will
not affect sites or properties that have historical, cultural, or sacred significance, or that otherwise meet the
minimum criteria for listing in the NRHP. No further archaeological or historic research is recommended for
the project area.
The following table summarizes these archaeological and historical resources including evaluations and
recommendations related to the Redbud Run Solar Project.
VCRIS
Number Site Type / Name Recommended NRHP Status Recommended Action
44FK0383 19th Century Historic Farmstead Ineligible None
44FK0385 19th – 20th Century Historic
Farmstead Ineligible None
44FK0423 Mid-19th Century Historic site Not evaluated None
034-5023 Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District Determined Eligible Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-0456
Opequon Battlefield (Third
Battle of Winchester) Historic
District
Determined Eligible Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5035 Milburn Rural Historic District Determined Eligible Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-0110
Jordan White Sulfur
Springs/1160 Jordan Springs
Road
Determined Eligible,
Contributing (2nd Winchester
HD and Milburn Rural
Historic District)
Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5357 1384 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5358 1392 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5359 1418 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5360 1430 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5361 1462 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5362 1472 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5363 1482 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5364 1500 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5365 1552 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5366 1564 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-0723 Duvall House/1681 Jordan
Springs Road Potentially Eligible Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5367 1695 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-0704 Brumley House/Smith Farm/223
Burnt Factory Road Potentially Eligible Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5368 1058-1110 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5369 1108 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5370 1102 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
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Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project, Virginia
October 2021 Cardno Executive Summary iii
VCRIS
Number Site Type / Name Recommended NRHP Status Recommended Action
034-1115 Harold Conner House/
1010 Woods Mill Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5371 976 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5372 936 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5376 906 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5377 896 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5378 897 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5382 886 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5373 878 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5374 870 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5375 840 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5379 830 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5380 758 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5381 748 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5383 527 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-1116 Jenkins-Dehaven House/
417 Woods Mill Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-1118 Jenkins House/359 Woods Mill
Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-5384 349 Woods Mill Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-1156
Patrick McTeirnan House/Thomas
McTeirnan House/
223 Woods Mill Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-1157 Redbud Farm/Wood House/145
Woods Mill Road
Potentially Eligible,
Contributing (2nd Winchester
HD and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-1147
Red Bud United Brethren Bud
Church and Cemetery/1551
Redbud Road
Potentially Eligible,
Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5385 1506 Redbud Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-5386 1501 Redbud Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-5387 1451 Redbud Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-1146 Red Bud School/1420 Redbud
Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-5388 1347 Redbud Road Ineligible, Noncontributing
(Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-5389 1307 Redbud Road Ineligible, Noncontributing
(Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
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Phase I Cultural Resource Identification Survey
Redbud Run Solar Project, Virginia
October 2021 Cardno Executive Summary iv
VCRIS
Number Site Type / Name Recommended NRHP Status Recommended Action
034-5390 328 Redbud Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-5391 185 Pine Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-1119 Redbud Cemetery/North side of
Pine Road Ineligible No further action
034-5392 473 Pine Road Ineligible No further action
034-5393 138 Steepwood Lane Ineligible, Noncontributing
(Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-5394 183 Steepwood Lane Ineligible, Noncontributing
(Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-5395 2663 Berryville Pike Ineligible, Noncontributing
(Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-5396 2621 Berryville Pike Ineligible, Noncontributing (the
Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-0724 Hallam House/1586 Jordan
Springs Road Ineligible No further action
034-5397 2444 Berryville Pike
Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD and the
Opequon Battlefield HD)
No further action
034-1144 Robert D. Keckley House/1263
Redbud Road
Ineligible, Noncontributing (the
Opequon Battlefield HD) No further action
034-5398 1054 Jordan Springs Road Ineligible, Noncontributing (2nd
Winchester HD) No further action
034-1064
J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson
Mill/Silent Mills/302 High Banks
Road
Unknown Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-0109 High Banks/423 High Banks
Road
NRHP-Listed
VLR Listed
Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-1114 Backbone Farm/352 Monastery
Ridge Road Unknown Continued screening
with existing vegetation
034-5399 180 Pine Road Unknown, Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD)
Continued screening
with existing vegetation
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Table of Contents
1 General Project Description .............................................................................................. 1
2 Environmental Setting ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Soils ..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Vegetation and Current Land Use ..................................................................................... 10
3 Cultural Context ............................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Paleoindian Period (ca. 12,000-8000 BC) ......................................................................... 13
3.2 Archaic Period (ca. 8000-1000 BC) ................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Early Archaic ...................................................................................................... 14
3.2.2 Middle Archaic .................................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Late Archaic ....................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Woodland Period (ca. 1000 BC - AD 1600) ...................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Early Woodland .................................................................................................. 15
3.3.2 Middle Woodland ............................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 Late Woodland ................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Historic Period ................................................................................................................... 16
4 Archival Research ............................................................................................................ 19
4.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological and Architectural Resources .................................. 19
4.2 Historic Maps ..................................................................................................................... 26
5 Research Design .............................................................................................................. 32
5.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Area of Potential Effects .................................................................................................... 32
5.3 Expected Results ............................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Probability Model ............................................................................................................... 33
5.5 Field Methods .................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.1 Definitions .......................................................................................................... 36
5.5.2 Archaeological Field Methods ............................................................................ 36
5.5.3 Architectural Field Methods ............................................................................... 37
5.6 Laboratory Methods........................................................................................................... 37
5.6.1 Historic Artifacts ................................................................................................. 38
5.6.1.1 Kitchen Group ..................................................................................... 39
5.7 Curation ............................................................................................................................. 39
5.8 Criteria for NRHP Eligibility ............................................................................................... 39
6 Archaeological Survey Results ...................................................................................... 40
6.1 Summary of Results .......................................................................................................... 40
6.2 Previously Recorded Sites ................................................................................................ 46
6.2.1 Site 44FK0383 ................................................................................................... 46
6.2.2 Site 44FK0385 ................................................................................................... 48
6.2.3 Site 44FK0423 ................................................................................................... 50
7 Historical Survey Results ................................................................................................ 52
7.1 Summary of Results .......................................................................................................... 52
7.2 Historic District Descriptions .............................................................................................. 59
7.2.1 Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District .................................................. 59
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7.2.2 Opequon Battlefield (Third Battle of Winchester) Historic District ..................... 62
7.2.3 Milburn Rural Historic District ............................................................................. 65
7.3 Historical Site Descriptions ................................................................................................ 66
7.3.1 Jordan White Sulfur Springs .............................................................................. 66
7.3.2 1384 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 73
7.3.3 1392 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 74
7.3.4 1418 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 75
7.3.5 1430 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 76
7.3.6 1462 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 77
7.3.7 1472 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 78
7.3.8 1482 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 79
7.3.9 1500 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 80
7.3.10 1552 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 81
7.3.11 1564 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 82
7.3.12 Duvall House ...................................................................................................... 83
7.3.13 1695 Jordan Springs Road ................................................................................ 85
7.3.14 Bromley House/Smith Farm ............................................................................... 86
7.3.15 1058-1110 Woods Mill Road .............................................................................. 91
7.3.16 1108 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 96
7.3.17 1102 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 97
7.3.18 Harold Conner House ........................................................................................ 98
7.3.19 976 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 101
7.3.20 936 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 102
7.3.21 906 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 103
7.3.22 896 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 104
7.3.23 897 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 105
7.3.24 886 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 106
7.3.25 878 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 107
7.3.26 870 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 108
7.3.27 840 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 109
7.3.28 830 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 110
7.3.29 758 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 111
7.3.30 748 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 112
7.3.31 527 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 113
7.3.32 Jenkins-Dehaven House .................................................................................. 114
7.3.33 Jenkins House .................................................................................................. 116
7.3.34 349 Woods Mill Road ....................................................................................... 117
7.3.35 Patrick McTeirnan House/Thomas McTeirnan House ..................................... 118
7.3.36 Redbud Farm/Wood House ............................................................................. 120
7.3.37 Red Bud United Brethren Church and Cemetery ............................................ 131
7.3.38 1506 Redbud Road .......................................................................................... 134
7.3.39 1501 Redbud Road .......................................................................................... 135
7.3.40 1451 Redbud Road .......................................................................................... 136
7.3.41 Red Bud School ............................................................................................... 137
7.3.42 1347 Redbud Road .......................................................................................... 139
7.3.43 1307 Redbud Road .......................................................................................... 140
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7.3.44 328 Redbud Road ............................................................................................ 141
7.3.45 185 Pine Road ................................................................................................. 142
7.3.46 Redbud Cemetery ............................................................................................ 143
7.3.47 473 Pine Road ................................................................................................. 144
7.3.48 183 Steepwood Lane ....................................................................................... 145
7.3.49 2663 Berryville Pike ......................................................................................... 146
7.3.50 2621 Berryville Pike ......................................................................................... 147
7.3.51 Hallam House ................................................................................................... 148
7.3.52 2444 Berryville Pike ......................................................................................... 151
7.3.53 Robert D. Keckley House ................................................................................. 152
7.3.54 1054 Jordan Springs Road .............................................................................. 154
7.3.55 J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills ............................................. 155
7.3.56 High Banks ....................................................................................................... 157
7.3.57 Backbone Farm ................................................................................................ 161
7.3.58 180 Pine Road ................................................................................................. 163
7.4 Project Effects ................................................................................................................. 164
8 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................... 174
9 References Cited ............................................................................................................ 176
Appendices
Appendix A Resumes of Key Personnel
Tables
Table 1 Soil Types for the Redbud Run Project Area ...................................................................... 8
Table 2 Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within 0.5 Mile of the Project Disturbance
Zone .................................................................................................................................. 19
Table 3 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within 0.5 Mile of the Project
Disturbance Zone .............................................................................................................. 22
Table 4 Previously Recorded Historic Resources within 0.5 Mile of the Project
Disturbance Zone .............................................................................................................. 25
Table 5 Key to Numbered Features on Historic Map Comparison ................................................ 29
Table 6 Model and Actual Shovel Testing According to Probability Zone ..................................... 36
Table 7 South’s (1977) Artifact Function Categories ..................................................................... 38
Table 8 Historic Resources Identified during Redbud Run Phase I Survey .................................. 52
Table 9 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District (034-5023) ............................................................................................... 60
Table 10 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle
of Winchester Historic District (034-0456) ........................................................................ 63
Table 11 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Milburn Rural Historic District
(034-5035) ......................................................................................................................... 65
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Figures
Figure 1 Location of the Redbud Run Solar Project, Frederick County, Virginia. ............................. 2
Figure 2 Redbud Run Project area with 0.5 Mile buffer on aerial imagery. ...................................... 3
Figure 3 Redbud Run Project area with 0.5 Mile buffer on topographic map. .................................. 4
Figure 4 Redbud Run proposed Disturbance area ........................................................................... 5
Figure 5 USDA soils within Redbud Run Project area. ..................................................................... 9
Figure 6 View of agricultural field, facing northeast. ....................................................................... 10
Figure 7 Harvested agricultural field, facing west. .......................................................................... 11
Figure 8 Mixed hardwood and pine, facing east. ............................................................................ 11
Figure 9 Forested area with moderately dense undergrowth, facing west. .................................... 12
Figure 10 Forested area, predominately pine, facing south. ............................................................. 12
Figure 11 Previous survey conducted by JMU in 1992 with current project survey areas. .............. 21
Figure 12 Previously recorded cultural resources within 0.5 miles of Redbud Run Project. ............ 24
Figure 13 Detail of Hotchkiss (1863) map showing the portion north and east of Winchester ......... 27
Figure 14 Comparison of Hotchkiss (1863) and 1942 Winchester quadrangle ................................ 28
Figure 15 Possible routes (purple) of Johnson’s march along roads depicted on Gillespie
(1873) map, oriented with north to the top of the page (with the project area
shown in orange) ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 16 Detail of Gillespie (1873) map showing the relation of the project area to troop
positions during the Third Battle of Winchester ................................................................ 31
Figure 17 Map showing soil analysis of the disturbance zone along with previous survey
findings and slope analysis of area ................................................................................... 34
Figure 18 Map showing combined probability model and stratified sample testing plan .................. 35
Figure 19 Disturbance zones for Redbud Run Project. .................................................................... 41
Figure 20 Survey results, Tie-in line. ................................................................................................. 42
Figure 21 Survey results, Access Road (AR) and Area B. ............................................................... 43
Figure 22 Survey results, Area D. ..................................................................................................... 44
Figure 23 Survey results, Area E. ..................................................................................................... 45
Figure 24 Area of previously recorded site 44FK0383, facing west.................................................. 47
Figure 25 Representative shovel test within boundaries of 44FK0383. ............................................ 47
Figure 26 Area of previously recorded site 44FK0385, facing south. ............................................... 48
Figure 27 Survey results at site 44FK0383. ...................................................................................... 49
Figure 28 View of site 44FK0423, facing northeast. ......................................................................... 50
Figure 29 Survey results at site 44FK0423. ...................................................................................... 51
Figure 30 Historic Resources within the Redbud Run architectural APE ......................................... 57
Figure 31 Significant historic resources within the Redbud Run architectural APE .......................... 58
Figure 32 Map of Second Winchester Battlefield .............................................................................. 61
Figure 33 Map of Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester Historic District ................ 64
Figure 34 Portion of map of Frederick County showing Duvall’s “Sulpher spring” (Varle and
Jones 1809). ..................................................................................................................... 66
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Figure 35 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864 (Gillespie 1873). ............ 67
Figure 36 Jordan Springs site plan from a promotional brochure, ca. 1920, which includes
the existing hotel at the top of the map and the ca. 1855 hotel at the lower right
(Historic Jordan Springs 2021). ........................................................................................ 68
Figure 37 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade, looking west ............................................. 69
Figure 38 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southwest .......................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 39 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and southeast elevation, looking
northwest ........................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 40 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, southwest (rear) elevation, looking
southeast ........................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 41 Cabin at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and west elevation, looking
northeast ........................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 42 Office at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and southwest elevation, looking
northwest ........................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 43 Pergola set above spring at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, looking southwest ................. 72
Figure 44 Workshop at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, northeast elevation, looking southwest ........ 73
Figure 45 Dwelling at 1384 Jordan Springs Road, southeast (façade) and northeast
elevations, looking west .................................................................................................... 74
Figure 46 Dwelling at 1392 Jordan Springs Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southwest .......................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 47 Dwelling at 1418 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 76
Figure 48 Dwelling at 1430 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 77
Figure 49 Dwelling at 1462 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 78
Figure 50 Dwelling at 1472 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 79
Figure 51 Dwelling at 1482 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 80
Figure 52 Dwelling at 1500 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 81
Figure 53 Dwelling at 1552 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west .......................................... 82
Figure 54 Dwelling at 1564 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking northwest ................................. 83
Figure 55 Duvall House depicted on Frederick County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co.
in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885). ................................................................................. 84
Figure 56 Dwelling at 1681 Jordan Springs Road, south elevation and outbuilding, looking
north .................................................................................................................................. 85
Figure 57 Dwelling at 1695 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking east .......................................... 86
Figure 58 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864 (Gillespie 1873). ............ 87
Figure 59 Bromley House/Smith Farm depicted on Frederick County Atlas published by
D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885) ........................................................ 88
Figure 60 Dwelling at 223 Burnt Factory Road, façade, looking north.............................................. 89
Figure 61 Dwelling at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west and north (rear) elevations, looking
southeast ........................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 62 Garage at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west elevation, looking east .................................... 90
Figure 63 Quonset Hut at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west and south elevation, looking east ........... 91
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Figure 64 Dwelling at 1078 Woods Mill Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southeast ........................................................................................................................... 92
Figure 65 Dwelling at 1110 Woods Mill Road, northeast elevation, looking southwest .................... 93
Figure 66 Dwelling at 1068 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southwest .......................................................................................................................... 94
Figure 67 Dwelling at 1058 Woods Mill Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southeast ........................................................................................................................... 95
Figure 68 Garage at 1108 Woods Mill Road, northwest and northeast elevations, looking
south ................................................................................................................................. 96
Figure 69 Dwelling at 1102 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southwest .......................................................................................................................... 97
Figure 70 Dwelling at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast ........................................ 99
Figure 71 Dwelling at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade and southwest, looking east ......................... 99
Figure 72 Dwelling and outbuildings at 1010 Woods Mill Road, looking southwest ....................... 100
Figure 73 Outbuildings at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast ................................ 100
Figure 74 Dwelling at 976 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking south ............................................... 101
Figure 75 Dwelling at 936 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east ................................................. 102
Figure 76 Dwelling at 906 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east ................................................. 103
Figure 77 Dwelling at 896 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southeast ......................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 78 Dwelling at 897 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northwest ........................................ 105
Figure 79 Dwelling at 886 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east ................................................. 106
Figure 80 Dwelling at 878 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking east .......... 107
Figure 81 Dwelling at 870 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east ................................................. 108
Figure 82 Dwelling at 840 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east ................................................. 109
Figure 83 Dwelling at 830 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast ........................................ 110
Figure 84 Dwelling at 758 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast, looking southeast ................. 111
Figure 85 Dwelling at 748 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northeast ......................................... 112
Figure 86 Dwelling at 527 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking west ................................................ 113
Figure 87 Dwelling at 417 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northwest ........................................ 115
Figure 88 Dwelling at 417 Woods Mill Road, south and east (rear), looking northeast .................. 115
Figure 89 Garage at 417 Woods Mill Road, south elevation, looking north .................................... 116
Figure 90 Dwelling at 359 Woods Mill Road, façade and south elevation, looking northwest ........ 117
Figure 91 Dwelling at 349 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking west ................................................ 118
Figure 92 Dwelling at 223 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southwest ....................................... 119
Figure 93 Site plan of Charles Wood’s Mill Complex (Hofstra and Geier 1992:Figure XIV-7) ....... 121
Figure 94 Portion of map of Frederick County showing the grist mills, paper mills, sawmills,
and taverns along Red Bud Run in 1809 (Varle and Jones 1809). ................................ 121
Figure 95 Isaac Wood’s 1818 advertisement for a miller (Republican Constellation 1818) .......... 122
Figure 96 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864. C. Wood’s Mill as
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well as two residences, one occupied by F. Hoodel, were noted on the map on
this property (Gillespie 1873). ......................................................................................... 123
Figure 97 Portion of map depicting Winchester and its environs during the Civil War with
Wood’s Mill noted on the map (Vorzet 1875). ................................................................. 124
Figure 98 The Mill and House site in the Red Bud area on the Frederick County Atlas
published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885) ................................ 125
Figure 99 1901 Photograph labeled as Littler Home on Red Bud Run (Bowen 1901. Albert
Bowen Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional Library). ....... 125
Figure 100 Redbud Farm/ Wood House at 145 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking north ................ 127
Figure 101 Redbud Farm/Wood House, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147)................ 128
Figure 102 Corn Crib at 145 Woods Mill Road, west elevation, looking east ................................... 129
Figure 103 Pennsylvania Bank Barn at 145 Woods Mill Road, south elevation, looking
northeast ......................................................................................................................... 129
Figure 104 Pennsylvania Bank Barn, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147) .................... 130
Figure 105 Bridge at 145 Woods Mill Road, north elevation, looking southwest ...................................... 130
Figure 106 Red Bud United Bretheren Church and the Red Bud area on Frederick County
Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885) ....................... 131
Figure 107 Red Bud Church Homecoming, 1934 (Unknown photographer, James L. Prince
Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional Library) .................... 132
Figure 108 Red Bud United Brethren Church at 1551 Redbud Road, façade and south
elevation, looking northeast ............................................................................................ 133
Figure 109 Red Bud United Brethren Cemetery at 1551 Redbud Road, looking northeast ............. 134
Figure 110 Dwelling at 1506 Redbud Road, façade and north elevation, looking east .................... 135
Figure 111 Dwelling at 1501 Redbud Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north ........... 136
Figure 112 Dwelling at 1451 Redbud Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north ........... 137
Figure 113 Red Bud School at 1420 Redbud Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
south ............................................................................................................................... 138
Figure 114 Red Bud School, 1934 (Unknown photographer, Frederick Co. VA School
System Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional
Library). ........................................................................................................................... 139
Figure 115 Dwelling at 1347 Redbud Road, façade, looking east .................................................... 140
Figure 116 Dwelling at 1307 Redbud Road, façade, looking east .................................................... 141
Figure 117 Dwelling at 328 Redbud Road, façade, looking east. ..................................................... 142
Figure 118 Dwelling at 185 Pine Road, façade and east elevation, looking northwest .................... 143
Figure 119 Redbud Cemetery on North side of Pine Road, looking north ........................................ 144
Figure 120 Dwelling at 473 Pine Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north ................... 145
Figure 121 Dwelling at 183 Steepwood Lane, looking north ............................................................. 146
Figure 122 Dwelling at 2663 Berryville Road, façade, looking northwest ......................................... 147
Figure 123 Dwelling at 2621 Berryville Road, façade and north elevation, looking southwest ........ 148
Figure 124 Dwelling at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west ........................................ 149
Figure 125 Dwelling at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking southwest ............................... 150
Figure 126 Barn at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, looking southeast .................................................. 150
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Figure 127 Dwelling at 2444 Berryville Pike, north and west elevations, looking southeast ............ 152
Figure 128 Dwelling at 1263 Redbud Road, façade, looking northeast ............................................ 153
Figure 129 Garage at 1263 Redbud Road, west and south elevations, looking north ..................... 153
Figure 130 Dwelling at 1054 Jordan Springs Road, east and north elevations, looking
southwest ........................................................................................................................ 154
Figure 131 View from right-of-way toward 302 High Banks Road, looking southeast ...................... 155
Figure 132 Portion of map of Frederick County showing the John Clark mill and house in
1809 (Varle and Jones 1809) .......................................................................................... 156
Figure 133 J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills in 1991 (Kalbian 1999:233) ................ 157
Figure 134 Portion of map of the Third Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864. Clevenger’s
house, sawmill and the ford of Opequon Creek were noted on the map (Gillespie
1873). .............................................................................................................................. 158
Figure 135 Dwelling at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking east .................................... 159
Figure 136 Equipment Shed at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking northeast ............... 160
Figure 137 Barn at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking northeast with Equipment
Shed in background ........................................................................................................ 160
Figure 138 View from right-of-way down driveway toward 352 Monastery Ridge Road,
looking southeast ............................................................................................................ 162
Figure 139 Dwelling at 352 Monastery Ridge Road, close-up of west elevation from right-of-
way, looking southeast .................................................................................................... 162
Figure 140 Backbone Farm, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1114) .................................. 163
Figure 141 View from right-of-way down driveway toward 180 Pine Road, looking south ............... 164
Figure 142 Viewshed analysis ........................................................................................................... 165
Figure 143 View from the High Banks (034-0109) parcel located at 423 High Banks Road
toward the project area ................................................................................................... 166
Figure 144 View toward the project area from in front of 880 Woods Mill Road within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) ......................................................... 167
Figure 145 View toward the project area from in front of 417 Woods Mill Road within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) ............................................ 167
Figure 146 View toward the project area from in front of 748 Woods Mill Road within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) ............................................ 168
Figure 147 View from the Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110) parcel located at 1160
Jordan Springs Road toward the project area ................................................................ 168
Figure 148 View from Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157) parcel located at 145 Woods
Mill Road toward the project area ................................................................................... 169
Figure 149 View from the Duvall House (034-0723) parcel located at 1681 Jordan Springs
Road toward the project area .......................................................................................... 170
Figure 150 View from the Brumley House/Smith Farm (034-0704) parcel located at 223
Burnt Factory Road toward the project area ................................................................... 170
Figure 151 View from the Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147)
parcel located at 1551 Redbud Road toward the project area ....................................... 171
Figure 152 View from the J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064) parcel
at 302 High Banks Road toward the project area ........................................................... 172
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Figure 153 View from the Backbone Farm (034-1114) at 352 Monastery Ridge Road parcel
toward the project area ................................................................................................... 172
Figure 154 View from the 180 Pine Road (034-5399) parcel toward the project area...................... 173
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October 2021 Cardno General Project Description 1
1 General Project Description
In May and September 2021, Cardno, Inc. (Cardno) conducted a Phase I cultural resources identification
survey for the proposed Redbud Solar Project in Frederick County, Virginia by Oriden, LLC (Oriden).
Oriden is proposing a ~30 megawatt (“MW”) AC solar project to interconnect to the adjacent Rappahannock
Electric Co-op 34.5 kV electric line. The Redbud Run Project is located approximately 2.4 miles east of
Winchester, Virginia in northeastern Frederick County (Figure 1). As proposed, the project will consist of
approximately 154.3 acres of solar arrays contained within fencing, located on the south side of Woods Mill
Road. The plans for the Project cover two main property parcels, which include a mix of agricultural fields
and woods (Figure 2). A third small parcel provides access to the northern solar array area, while connection
lines with run along the outer boundaries of four other parcels. The general project area is situated on a
rolling to hilly area known as “Devils Backbone,” and is found on the 2001 Stephenson, Virginia, United
States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5’ topographic quadrangle (Figure 3). The project sits between 0.7 and
1.1 miles west of Opequon Creek, which forms the boundary between Frederick County to the west and
Clarke County to the east.
The Phase I cultural resource survey was completed to fulfill compliance with the Virginia Department of
Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) Small Renewable Energy Projects (Solar) Permit by Rule (PBR) regulation
(Virginia Code 9VAC15-60). The fieldwork and the resulting report conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (FR48: 190:44716-44742 – U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1983) and the current guidelines set forth by the Virginia Department of Historic
Resources (VDHR 2017). The purpose of Phase I archaeological and architectural surveys was to locate
and document the presence of all archaeological and historic architectural resources within the project
disturbance zone, and provide a recommendation for eligibility for inclusion in the Virginia Landmarks
Register (VLR) and/or the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for each resource. Additionally,
architectural resources within one-half mile of the project disturbance zone were recorded and considered
for potential visual effects during the survey.
The disturbance zone for the project consists of various elements including the fenced solar array
boundaries, access roads, three staging areas, connection lines, the point of interconnection (POI), and
three strips of plantings to create vegetative screening (Figure 4). The POI is located approximately 500
feet east-northeast of the intersection of Woods Mill Road and Jordan Spring Road. A 0.6-mile long tie-in
line is planned extending from the northernmost solar array area to the POI. The access roads include three
short segments connecting the fenced area to Woods Mill Road to the west and one short segment
connecting to Pine Road to the south. One of the proposed staging areas is situated along the east side of
Woods Mill Road, while the other two are situated along the north side of Pine Road. All of the vegetative
screening is planned along Project parcel boundaries on the east side of Woods Mill Road and are intended
to screen existing homes in the immediate vicinity from the solar arrays.
James N. Ambrosino, Ph.D., RPA, served as Principal Investigator during the survey. Archaeological
fieldwork was directed by Valerie Nobles, M.A., RPA, who was a primary author of the report. Kimberly
Hinder, MHP, oversaw the architectural history work on the project, while Lillian Hutzell performed
architectural fieldwork and coauthored the report.
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October 2021 Cardno Introduction 2
Figure 1 Location of the Redbud Run Solar Project, Frederick County, Virginia.
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October 2021 Cardno Introduction 3
Figure 2 Redbud Run Project area with 0.5 Mile buffer on aerial imagery.
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Figure 3 Redbud Run Project area with 0.5 Mile buffer on topographic map.
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Figure 4 Redbud Run proposed Disturbance area
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During the Phase I identification survey, three previously recorded sites were revisited and no new
archaeological resources were identified. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding 44FK0383, a 19th
century historic farmstead, yielded no cultural material, and no aboveground features were identified. The
site boundaries were not updated, and the site remains not eligible for the NRHP. Previously recorded site
44FK0385, a 19th to 20th century farmstead, yielded one additional artifact during this survey, and as a result
the original site boundaries were updated. However, the site is recommended not eligible for the NRHP and
no further work is warranted. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding the boundaries of 44FK0423,
a mid-19th century historic site, yielded no cultural material. Additionally, no aboveground features were
observed. As a result, the original site boundaries were not updated and the site remains not evaluated for
the NRHP. Metal detecting conducted within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District, along the
western edge of survey areas, did not yield any archaeological material.
During the historical portion of the survey, Cardno documented 62 properties including three districts in the
APE that were more than 50 years old and evaluated these properties to determine potential NRHP
eligibility. As a result of this survey, nine resources were identified as significant properties, meaning that
they were either previously NRHP-listed, previously determined NRHP eligible, or this survey found them
potentially NRHP eligible. These include: High Banks (034-0109), Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle
of Winchester (034-0456), Second Winchester Battlefield (034-5023), Milburn Rural Historic District (034-
5035), Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110), Duvall House (034-0723), Brumley House/Smith Farm
(034-0704), Redbud Farm/Wood House (formerly recorded as Charles W. Wood’s Miller’s House; 034-
1157), and Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147). Three additional properties, J.
Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064), Backbone Farm (034-1114), and 180 Pine Road
(034-5399) were found to have an unknown eligibility as the structures on the parcel were not visible from
the public right-of-way. Viewshed analysis revealed that the existing topography as well as existing tree
canopy and vegetation outside of the construction footprint would shield the eligible and unknown properties
from adverse visual effects. Provided the existing vegetation outside of the construction footprint is
maintained, this project would have no adverse effect on NRHP eligible properties and no mitigation is
anticipated.
The following report provides information concerning the survey for cultural resources of the Redbud Run
Solar Project in Frederick County, Virginia. Chapter 2 provides a summary of the project area’s
environmental setting, and Chapter 3 provides a detailed overview of the culture history of Piedmont Virginia
used to identify and evaluate the historic properties identified in the project APE. Chapter 4 includes a
discussion of archival research and identifies previously recorded resources near the project area. Chapter
5 illustrates the research, field, and laboratory methods used during the survey. Chapter 6 provides a
summary of project findings and recommendations regarding archaeological sites, while Chapter 7
discusses the architectural findings and recommendations for the identified properties. Finally, Chapter 8
provides a brief summary of the overall findings and recommendations.
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2 Environmental Setting
The Redbud Run Project area is situated east of Winchester, Virginia in Frederick County. The county is
entirely within the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of Virginia, within the Appalachian Highlands.
The province is characterized by long, parallel ridges with relatively steep topography interspersed by low-
lying valleys, a result of repeated geological folding and faulting (VDCR 2016). Rivers and streams tend to
follow these valleys in a general northeast to southwest direction. Frederick County lies within the
Shenandoah drainage basin which drains into the Chesapeake Bay. A number of creeks and streams run
through the county, namely Back Creek, Opequon Creek, and Cedar Creek, with smaller tributaries
crossing through. The closest river, although outside Frederick County, is the Shenandoah River, six miles
to the southeast. The general project area includes a mix of farmland and wooded sections in a rolling to
hilly area known as “Devils Backbone” between 0.7 and 1.1 miles west of Opequon Creek, which forms the
boundary between Frederick County to the west and Clarke County to the east. Redbud Run is situated
approximately 340 m south of the project disturbance zone, while the confluence of Lick Run and Hiatt Run
is about 275 m north of the disturbance zone. Other smaller, unnamed drainages flow generally eastward
through the project area.
2.1 Soils
According to the USDA NRCS Web Soil Survey database, a total of four different soil series, which are
further divided into ten detailed soil map units, occur within the Redbud Run Project survey area (Table 1)
(USDA NRCS 2021). Weikert-Berks channery soils make up the majority of the survey area at 57.2 percent.
Blairton silt loam soils account for approximately 30.3 percent of the area. Berks channery soil groups and
Clearbrook channery soils make up 11.5 percent and 1 percent of the area, respectively. With the exception
of Blairton silt loam soils, the soils within the survey area are considered to be not prime farmland. The
majority of soils present, or nearly 70 percent of the total area, are classified as well drained (Figure 5).
Making up 30.3 percent of the survey area, the Blairton silt loam soils are classified as prime farmland and
farmland of statewide importance.
All of the soils classified as “not prime farmland” within the area are channery silt loams, meaning they
consist of 15 to 35 percent thin, flat stone fragments by volume. The two most prevalent soil types mapped
within the disturbance zone are Weikert-Berks channery silt loams and Berks channery silt loam. Weikert
series soils tend to be shallower than Berks series, which is moderately deep, but both are well drained and
found on mountains and in valleys and formed from weathered shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Blairton silt
loam makes up about 30.3 percent of the disturbance zone within much of the level to gradually sloping
sections. The Blairton series is characterized by moderately deep, somewhat poorly to moderately well
drained soils found mostly within valleys. The final soil type, Clearbrook channery silt loam, includes
moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained soils in valleys.
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Table 1 Soil Types for the Redbud Run Project Area
Map
Symbol Soil Series Drainage Class Approximate
Acres
% of
Area Farm Land Class
1B Berks channery silt loam, 3 to
8 percent slopes Well drained 18.2 11.2% Not prime farmland
1C Berks channery silt loam, 8 to
15 percent slopes Well drained 0.6 0.3% Not prime farmland
3B Blairton silt loam, 2 to 7
percent slopes Poorly drained 48.5 29.8% Prime farmland
3C Blairton silt loam, 7 to 15
percent slopes
Moderately well
drained 0.7 0.5% Farmland of
statewide importance
41B Weikert-Berks channery silt
loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes
Shallow, well
drained 13.1 8.1% Not prime farmland
41C Weikert-Berks channery silt
loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes
Shallow, well
drained 47.7 29.3% Not prime farmland
41D Weikert-Berks channery silt
loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes
Shallow, well
drained 25.9 15.9% Not prime farmland
41E Weikert-Berks channery silt
loam, 25 to 65 percent slopes
Shallow, well
drained 6.3 3.9% Not prime farmland
9B Clearbrook channery silt
loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes Poorly drained 1.0 0.6% Not prime farmland
9C Clearbrook channery silt
loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes
Somewhat
poorly drained 0.7 0.4% Not prime farmland
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Figure 5 USDA soils within Redbud Run Project area.
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2.2 Vegetation and Current Land Use
The Redbud Run Project area exists within a generally rural setting outside of Winchester, Virginia. The
survey area encompasses a combination of agricultural fields and wooded areas. Most of the open field
areas were covered with grasses and hay, while the rest were in the latter stages of hay harvest. These
fields were generally large, contiguous areas and were characterized by grassy vegetation with narrow tree
lines as field borders. Surface visibility in the harvested fields was around 75 to 100 percent, while the
grassy areas ranged from 0 to 50 percent visibility. The wooded areas were a mix of moderately dense
undergrowth, pine, and mixed hardwoods. Surface visibility in the wooded areas varied; approximately half
of the area was covered in leaf litter and forest debris.
Photographs illustrating setting and vegetation within various portions of the Redbud Run Project area
follow (Figure 6 through Figure 10).
Figure 6 View of agricultural field, facing northeast.
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Figure 7 Harvested agricultural field, facing west.
Figure 8 Mixed hardwood and pine, facing east.
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Figure 9 Forested area with moderately dense undergrowth, facing west.
Figure 10 Forested area, predominately pine, facing south.
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3 Cultural Context
The culture history of Virginia has been organized into a temporal sequence whereby the past has been
separated into periods that are differentiated by changes in subsistence strategy, settlement patterning,
and material culture. Traditionally, these periods are recognized as the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland,
and Historic and they span a time roughly encompassing the last 12,000 years of human occupation of the
Americas.
3.1 Paleoindian Period (ca. 12,000-8000 BC)
The Paleoindian period is generally regarded by most scholars to be the time in which human occupation
of the Americas began. It is presently a matter of debate as to when the first human groups permanently
settled the western hemisphere, but most archaeologists believe that event occurred around 12,000 years
ago. This particular point has been the subject of much heated debate and the matter has not been settled.
Reliable radiometric assay dates as early as 11,800 BC have been obtained from a Paleoindian site in
Monte Verde, Chile (Dillehay 1989). This date suggests to many that the Americas were occupied relatively
soon after humans first entered. As the start of the Paleoindian period is marked by human occupation of
the Americas, archaeologists mark its conclusion with the arbitrary date of 8000 BC, which roughly
corresponds to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and the onset of modern climatic conditions. In the mid-
Atlantic region, the Paleoindian period is conventionally partitioned into three broad temporal divisions,
designated as the Early, Middle, and Late Paleoindian periods. These divisions are recognized
archaeologically as changing projectile point morphology, which are believed to reflect changes in
subsistence strategy and settlement patterning (Anderson et al. 1990).
The earliest recognized diagnostic artifacts are Clovis projectile points, typically fashioned of high quality
cryptocrystalline materials such as chert, chalcedony, and jasper. Later Paleoindian points include smaller
Clovis-like and Cumberland variants, small “Mid-Paleo” points, and, at the end of the period, Dalton,
Hardaway-Dalton and Hardaway Side-notched points. Also diagnostic, though to a lesser extent, are certain
types of well-made endscrapers, sidescrapers, and other formalized tools. Most current views now hold
that eastern Paleoindians were generalized foragers with an emphasis on hunting. Social organization
apparently consisted of relatively small bands that exploited a wide, but defined, territory (Gardner 1989;
Turner 1989).
The majority of Paleoindian remains in Virginia are represented by isolated projectile point finds and what
appear to be small temporary camps. Although some larger and very notable base camps are present in
the state, they are relatively rare and usually associated with sources of preferred, high quality, lithic
materials. The most important Paleoindian sites in Virginia, and in the eastern United States are the
Thunderbird Site in the Shenandoah Valley (Gardner 1974, 1977), the Williamson Site (44DW0001) in
south-central Virginia (McCary 1951, 1975, 1983), and the Cactus Hill Site in Sussex County (McAvoy and
McAvoy 1997). Both the Thunderbird and Williamson sites are large base camps associated with local
sources of high-grade cryptocrystalline lithic materials. At the Thunderbird site (44WR0011) and its
environs, a site typology has been formulated which includes lithic quarries, quarry-related base camps,
quarry reduction stations, base camp maintenance stations, outlying hunting sites, and isolated point sites
(Gardner 1981, 1989). Cactus Hill (44SX202), located on the Nottoway River near Stony Creek, is
characterized by stratified deposits associated with the Paleoindian through Woodland periods. The site
has yielded numerous Clovis projectile points, and generated a radiocarbon date of 15,070 B.P. from a pre-
Clovis occupation layer, which is characterized by artifacts in a pre-Clovis core blade tradition (McAvoy and
McAvoy 1997).
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3.2 Archaic Period (ca. 8000-1000 BC)
The transition from the Paleoindian to the Archaic period was gradual and is believed to have been a cultural
response related to the onset of modern climactic conditions, conditions that were similar to those
experienced by the first European explorers and settlers much later in the Protohistoric period, and marked
in the region by a climatic shift from a moist, cool period to a warmer, drier climate. Vegetation also changed
at this time from a largely boreal forest setting to a mixed conifer-deciduous forest. In eastern Virginia, a
temperate climate was established, and the formation of the Chesapeake estuary began. Increasing
differences in seasonal availability of resources brought on by post-Pleistocene changes are thought to
have coincided with increasing emphasis on strategies of seasonally geared mobility (Dent 1995). The
transition from the Paleoindian to Archaic period has been somewhat arbitrarily designated as 8000 BC.
Changes in technology, population demography, and diversity in social organization characterize this era.
The growth of subregional traditions is indicated by the appearance of a range of notched and/or stemmed
hafted biface types across the Southeast and Middle Atlantic (Sassaman et al. 1990). The Archaic period
is traditionally partitioned into Early, Middle, and Late Archaic periods to recognize the many technological
and demographic changes that occurred throughout the period.
Archaic populations likely were characterized by a band-level social organization involving seasonal
movements corresponding to the availability of resources. Settlement during this era probably involved the
occupation of relatively large regions by single band-sized groups living in base camps during part of the
year, and then dispersing as necessary during certain seasons, creating smaller microband camps that
may have consisted of groups as small as single families. The Archaic period saw the development of more
specialized resource procurement activities and associated technologies. These differences in material
culture are believed to reflect larger, more localized populations, as well as changes in food procurement
and processing methods. The Archaic period also marked the beginning of ground stone technology, with
the occurrence of ground atlatl weights and celts. New tool categories that developed during the Archaic
include chipped and ground stone celts, ground stone net sinkers, pestles, pecked stones, mullers, axes,
and, during the more recent end of the Late Archaic, vessels carved from soapstone quarried in the
Piedmont (Custer 1990; Geier 1990).
3.2.1 Early Archaic
Corner and side-notching became a common characteristic of projectile points at the beginning of the
Archaic Period (Early Archaic), indicating changes in hafting technology and possibly the invention of the
spear-thrower (atlatl). Notched point forms include Palmer and Kirk Corner-notched and, in localized areas,
various side-notched types. The later end of the Early Archaic period are marked by a series of bifurcate
base projectile point forms, specifically Palmer, Fort Nottoway, Kirk Stemmed, and LeCroy points (Egloff
and Woodward 2006). As with the preceding Paleoindian period, the most common Early Archaic site
locations were near the confluence of major streams and tributaries.
3.2.2 Middle Archaic
In Virginia, the Middle Archaic, ca. 6500 - ca. 3000 BC, was characterized by a notable increase in the
number of occupation sites over the immediately preceding Early Archaic period, suggesting an increase
in population most likely resulting from environmental stabilization. The Middle Archaic witnessed the rise
of various stemmed projectile point forms. The most common Middle Archaic projectile point types include
(from oldest to youngest): Lecroy, Stanly, Morrow Mountain, and Guilford, followed by the side-notched
Halifax type which appeared at the very end of the period as it transitioned into the Late Archaic, between
ca. 3500 and 3000 BC.
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3.2.3 Late Archaic
The Late Archaic period, ca. 3000 - 1200 BC, was dominated by stemmed and notched knife and spear
point forms, including various large, broad-bladed stemmed knives and projectile points that generally
diminish in size by the succeeding Early Woodland period (e.g., Savannah River points and variants). Also
found, though less common, are stemmed and notched-stem forms identical to those associated more
prominently with areas of Pennsylvania and adjoining parts of the northeast (Susquehanna and Perkiomen
points).
Marked increases in population density and, in some areas, decreased mobility characterized the Late
Archaic period in the Middle Atlantic states, and eastern North America as a whole. Locally, there is an
increase in the numbers of late Middle Archaic (Halifax) and Late Archaic (Savannah River) sites over those
of earlier periods, suggesting a population increase and/or intensity of use of this region between about
3500 BC and ca. 1200 BC.
Agriculture in the Middle Atlantic region probably has its origins during this period. Yarnell (1976), for
example, writes that sunflower, sumpweed, and possibly goosefoot may have been cultivated as early as
2000 BC. In the lower Little Tennessee River Valley, remains of squash have been found in Late Archaic
Savannah River contexts (ca. 2400 BC), with both squash and gourd in slightly later Iddins period contexts
(Chapman and Shea 1981).
3.3 Woodland Period (ca. 1000 BC - AD 1600)
The widespread adoption of ceramic technology traditionally characterizes the beginning of the Woodland
period in southeastern archaeology, and a date of 1000 BC is often used for the beginning of the period.
The Woodland period is conventionally distinguished from preceding periods by increased ritual
ceremonialism, elaborate mortuary practices, and the introduction of stamped pottery. Throughout the
Woodland period population increased, social groups became larger, and the landscape was more densely
settled. As Bense (1994:123) observes, the Woodland period was not marked by sweeping socio-cultural
changes. Instead, Woodland cultural developments had their roots in the preceding Archaic period and
were elaborated and expanded throughout the course of the Woodland period. Widespread Woodland
period characteristics include an increase in long distance trade, changes in ceramic technology, the
development of sedentary village life, and the cultivation of domestic plants, although foraging continued to
be essential to subsistence. Additionally, the appearance of burial mounds and well-appointed burials mark
a significant change between the Woodland and earlier periods. These characteristics are believed to relate
to an increase in social complexity and social stratification. The Woodland period is traditionally partitioned
into Early, Middle, and Late Woodland to recognize certain technological and demographic changes that
occurred throughout the period.
3.3.1 Early Woodland
The Early Woodland period, ca. 1200 - 500 BC, is generally defined by the appearance of ceramics in the
archaeological record. The earliest Woodland ceramic wares, Marcey Creek Plain and variants, are
rectangular or oval with steatite temper and resemble the preceding Late Archaic soapstone vessels. These
ceramics are followed by cord-marked, soapstone-tempered Selden Island ceramics, then by sand-and-
grit-tempered Elk Island (Accokeek) ceramics with both plain and cord-marked surfaces. The latter
traditionally were referred to as the Stony Creek series, although this type is now known to subsume several
Early, Middle, and Late Woodland ceramic wares (Egloff 1991). Broad bladed projectile points became less
prominent in favor of stemmed, notched, or lanceolate points, including the Piscatawy, Calvery, and the
Small Savannah River types (McLearen 1991).
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Early Woodland communities are believed to have been comprised of fairly small groups which spent only
a portion of the year in settled locations alternating with mobile hunter-gathering activities. Early Woodland
sites include a wider range of site types and typically consist of small camps in both riverine and lesser-
order stream locations.
3.3.2 Middle Woodland
The Middle Woodland period in Virginia was marked by the appearance of sand-tempered and fabric-
impressed ceramics, although plain, cord, and net treatments have also been identified. In the Ridge and
Valley region there was also an increase in crushed rock temper. Stony Creek is the most commonly
identified ceramic in this vicinity, although grit-/sand-tempered Vincents and Clements-like ceramics are
also typical of this region (Egloff 1991). Typical projectile points associated with the Middle Woodland period
include Yadkin, Badin, Fox Creek, Potts, and Rossville types, and the development of bow and arrow
technology is believed to have occurred at this time.
Previous archaeological studies have demonstrated the intensive use of small tributary streams as well as
major river floodplains throughout the Middle Woodland period (ca. 500 BC – AD 900). Archaeologists have
suggested that the Middle Woodland was characterized by “restricted wandering,” in which groups used
various campsites for several weeks at a time, obtaining needed materials in the site vicinity (Stewart 1992).
The Shenandoah Valley region exhibits stone and earthen cairns/mounds built by Middle Woodland groups,
possibly early forms of burial ritual or ceremonialism. Archaeologists believe those found in Virginia in the
Shenandoah Valley, may be the eastern extents of societies in the Ohio Valley, such as the Adena and/or
Hopewell groups. Many of these burial mounds have been identified overlooking smaller tributaries and
major waterways, particularly the Shenandoah River (McLearen 1992; Leithoff and Brady 2017).
3.3.3 Late Woodland
By the Late Woodland period, ca. AD 900 - 1600, agriculture had assumed a role of major importance in
the prehistoric subsistence system. The adoption of agriculture represented a major change in the
subsistence economy and patterns of settlement. The availability of large areas of arable land became a
dominant factor in settlement location, and sites increasingly were located on fertile floodplain soils or on
higher terraces or ridges adjacent to them. Even so, most Late Woodland sites have been identified in the
inter-riverine uplands, suggesting that Late Woodland populations continued to exploit natural resources in
interior settings (Hantman and Klein 1992; Turner 1992).
In the Ridge and Valley region, there is evidence that shell and limestone tempered ceramics began to be
more prevalent, including Page series, Keyser series, Radford, and New River pottery. Lithics associated
with Ridge and Valley Late Woodland sites consist of triangular points and tools (Walker and Miller 1992;
Leithoff and Brady 2017). Diagnostic artifacts of this period include several triangular projectile point styles
such as Clarksville and Caraway that originated during the latter part of the Middle Woodland period and
decreased in size through time. The Shawnee and Iroquois were the primary tribes located in the
Shenandoah Valley when Europeans began exploring the area.
3.4 Historic Period
European activity in the Shenandoah Valley began in the early to mid-1600s with French missionaries, and
later trappers and traders. Though the Virginia Company, and later the English Crown, owned much of the
area throughout the seventeenth century, intense European settlement did not occur until later in the
eighteenth century. Much of the land that would eventually become Frederick County was granted by the
English Crown to several lords, including Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Lord Colepeper. After his daughter
married Thomas Fairfax, the 5th Lord Fairfax, in the late 1600s, their son owned the combined land grants,
estimated to be over 5 million acres and became known as the Fairfax grant. Throughout the late 1600s
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and early 1700s, several explorers and traders came to the Shenandoah Valley and returned with accounts
of rich lands and resources. Settlement of this region throughout the early eighteenth century included
English settlers who pushed their way westward from the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and settlers making
their way down from Pennsylvania. Among the earliest settlers were groups of Quakers, some of which
constructed the Hopewell Friends Meeting House, which still stands just over three miles north of the project
area (Frederick County n.d.).
Colonial officials of Virginia wanted the western extents of the land settled quickly to act as a buffer from
potentially hostile native populations who had been increasingly forced westward. However, Robert “King”
Carter acting land agent for Lord Fairfax, was selling large portions of the land grant to wealthy families.
Lord Fairfax intended to develop the area in a similar way to the eastern portions of Virginia, with extensive,
self-sufficient plantations. In 1738, the Virginia government created Frederick County from the western
portion of Orange County, and argued that Lord Fairfax’s land grant extended only to the Blue Ridge
Mountains. The government began selling plots of land, up to 1,000 acres per family, with the condition that
a house and orchard be established within two years. With this incentive and the search for more land, the
Ridge and Valley region flourished. Winchester was established as the county seat, and was fully organized
by 1743 (Frederick County n.d.).
George Washington was associated with Frederick County from 1748 to 1765, having established a
surveyor’s office in Winchester, and later his headquarters when he served as Commander in Chief during
the French and Indian War. In 1758 and 1761, he was elected to serve Frederick County in the House of
Burgesses. During the Revolutionary War, Frederick County contributed not only supplies to the effort but
also riflemen. Daniel Morgan’s Riflemen, also known as Morgan’s Sharpshooters, were among the first to
join the revolutionary forces under Washington. Later, prisoners of war, largely Hessian soldiers, were held
in Winchester.
The economy of this area was based on smaller, family held farms, unlike the large plantations in the
Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Much of the area focused on livestock and grain, specifically wheat which
included numerous flour mills throughout the county. In this region, slavery was not as entrenched in the
social and economic landscapes when compared to vast, single-crop plantations to the east. Smaller farms
and a more diverse economy resulted in less of a demand for an extensive labor force, thus fewer enslaved
persons. Additionally, the presence of a larger population of Scottish and German settlers from northern
states meant there were fewer ties to the plantation culture and ideals prevalent in the eastern areas of
Virginia.
Winchester and other towns flourished and hosted a range of craftsmen and merchants. The Great Wagon
Road, originally a Native American trail and which would eventually become Route 11, ran through
Frederick County and brought numerous settlers and travelers south and west through the region.
Winchester became a stopping point along this road, contributing to the growth of the city as a result of the
influx of traders and settlers. Prior to the Civil War, many areas of Virginia, including Frederick County,
benefited from the increase of railroad construction and transportation improvements. Particular to the
Winchester area were the improvements to the Great Wagon Road and the construction of Winchester and
Potomac Railroad.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the Shenandoah Valley was an important resource for supplies,
livestock, and soldiers. Winchester in particular was a highly strategic target because of its proximity to
Washington D.C. and transportation routes through the region. In Confederate hands, Winchester would
hold the key to the resources throughout the Shenandoah Valley, and would offer an advantageous position
to D.C. and neighboring northern states. Under Union occupation, Winchester would cut off needed
supplies to the Confederacy and threaten their defense of the Confederate capital, Richmond. Several
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major battles took place within and around Winchester; the city itself changed hands over 70 times
throughout the war. The First Battle of Winchester (1862) and the Second Battle of Winchester (1863) were
important victories for the Confederacy. The Third Battle of Winchester secured the city for the Union in
1864 during their reclamation of the Shenandoah Valley (Frederick County n.d.; Duncan 2007).
Portions of the project area intersect the Second Winchester Battlefield (VDHR 034-5023) along Woods
Mill Road and corresponds to a possible route of a night time advance of Confederate troops to cut off the
Union retreat (Wittenberg and Mingus 2016). This is outside of the recorded combat zone and represent
suspected troop movement. The Second Battle of Winchester took place between June 13 and 15, 1863.
During the Gettysburg Campaign, Major General Richard Ewell successfully led Confederate forces against
Union forces occupying Winchester. Union troops were entrenched in fortifications along ridgelines to the
north and west of Winchester. By capturing the area, the Confederate flank was protected and supplies
secured for General Robert E. Lee’s push into Pennsylvania during July 1863 (Duncan 2007; Maier 2002).
In August 1864, the Union sent General Philip Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley with the goal of putting
an end to the Confederate hold of the area and laying waste to the valley so that the Confederates had no
reason to return. Starting in mid-August 1864 and continuing for the next six weeks was what became
known as “the Burning.” Sheridan ordered his divisions to burn fields and farm buildings, destroy livestock,
and set slaves free throughout the valley. While he ordered that no houses were to be burned, this caused
much suffering to the families throughout the area by destroying their livelihood (Wheelan 2012). In the end,
Union troops destroyed 2,000 barns, 120 mills, and half a million bushels of grain and confiscated 50,000
head of livestock (Fredrick County n.d.). The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as the Battle of
Opequon, was fought during this campaign on September 19, 1864 north and east of Winchester. This
fierce battle was one of the bloodiest of those fought within the Shenandoah Valley and resulted in a victory
for Sheridan’s Union forces who drove the Confederates under Lieutenant General Jubal Early south away
from Winchester (Frederick County n.d.; Wheelan 2012).
Immediately after the Civil War, the landscape in the region was devastated which resulted in a localized
economic depression and decreased land values. Economic and social environments improved towards
the end of the nineteenth century. Agriculture continued as it did prior to the war, though the area saw an
increase in orchards and fruit farming, particularly apples. As the industrial revolution progressed
throughout the country, new industries came into the region including numerous factories and mills.
Manufacturing and apple production continued to intensify through the beginning of the twentieth century.
As population growth increased after WWII, manufacturing and production diversified although agriculture
remained very important to Frederick County. Large companies found the region’s proximity to Washington
D.C. and other eastern cities highly desirable. While the region is still dominated by agriculture and apple
orchards, there are significant pockets of both suburban and commercial development (Frederick County
n.d.; Kalbian 1999).
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4 Archival Research
4.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological and Architectural Resources
A search was made of the NRHP database and the Virginia Cultural Resource Information System (VCRIS)
in order to identify known archaeological and historic resources and NRHP-listed resources within the
vicinity of the proposed project. Two previous surveys are mapped in VCRIS within 0.5 mile of the
disturbance zone, FK-021 and FK-055 (Table 2). Another five surveys were previously conducted within
the search area but were unable to be accurately mapped within VCRIS. Six of these surveys are related
to the proposed Route 37 (Winchester Bypass) project in the 1990s, which was never constructed. One,
an architectural survey, was a countywide survey of unincorporated areas.
Table 2 Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within 0.5 Mile of the Project Disturbance
Zone
Survey
Number Title Year Author
FK-021
The Abrams Creek-Redbud Run Project: A Cultural Resource
Inventory Study of Archaeological Sites in the Shale Area
East of Winchester, Virginia
1992 Warren Hofstra and
Clarence Geier
FK-022 Rural Landmarks Survey Report, Frederick County, Virginia
Phases I-III, 1988-1992 1992 Maral S. Kalbian
FK-026
A Phase 1 Architectural Resource Survey Report of the
Proposed Route 37 Corridor Study of Frederick County,
Virginia
1993 Maral S. Kalbian
FK-055 Phase I and II Cultural Resource Investigations, Route 37,
Frederick County, Virginia 1997 Brad Botwick and
Ashley Neville
FK-057
Supplemental Phase I Archaeological Survey of Selected
Project Corridor Segments, Route 37, Frederick County,
Virginia
1998 Brad Botwick and Len
E. Winter
FK-067
A Phase I Evaluation of Archaeological Cultural Resources in
Place on Terrain Lying within Corridor Alternatives of the
Route 37, Winchester Bypass, Frederick County, Virginia
1992 Clarence R. Geier and
Warren Hofstra
FK-068
Site Predictability on Lands within the corridor Alternatives for
the Route 37 Bypass of Winchester, Virginia, for which Phase
I Survey Access was Denied
1993 Clarence R. Geier and
Warren R. Hofstra
In 1992, James Madison University (JMU) completed a cultural resource inventory for the Adams Creek-
Redbud Run study area (FK-021) as part of the initial studies for the Route 37 project. The survey covered
over 4,300 acres and identified over 200 sites ranging from the Early Archaic through the Historic Period.
The current project area overlaid on survey maps from 1992 is shown in Figure 11. While the maps do not
indicate specific shovel test or transect placement, they do indicate what areas were surveyed according
to standardized methodology and what areas were inaccessible. Pedestrian survey was conducted in
wooded areas, represented in white on the map. Shovel testing was conducted at 50-foot, or 25 to 30-foot,
intervals with some pedestrian survey if the land was clear, represented as shaded or grey areas. Hatched
areas represent those where access was denied at the time of the survey. The current project area is
located almost entirely within the 1992 survey area. Approximately 90% of the current project’s disturbance
zone was shovel tested or surveyed during the 1992 survey, and the remaining 10%, mostly corresponding
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to steeply sloped sections, was completed via pedestrian survey. A short section of the tie-in line was not
accessed during this 1992 survey.
Further studies in 1992 and 1993 were completed as route alternatives were narrowed down, including a
further archaeological study of various route alternatives (FK-067), an architectural reconnaissance of the
corridor (FK-026), and an archaeological site predictability model of portions of the corridor where access
was previously denied (FK-068). In 1997 and 1998, Gray and Pape, Inc. conducted Phase I and II surveys
(FK-055 and FK-057) in the small areas of the Route 37 corridor which were previously omitted from the
surveys by JMU. In VCRIS, a portion of survey FK-055 is shown within one of the Redbud Run Solar Project
disturbance zones, however closer inspection of the survey maps included with that report indicate that the
area surveyed was actually adjacent to and completely outside of the Redbud disturbance zone and
represents a parcel that was shown as avoided in the 1992 survey FK-021.
Thirty-four archaeological sites have been recorded within 0.5 mile of the disturbance zone for the project,
all of which are recorded as having unknown NRHP-eligibility (Table 3, Figure 12). Three of the sites are
located within the total project area (44FK0383, 44FK0385, and 44FK0423), only two of which are
intersected by the disturbance zone (44FK0385 and 44FK0423). Site 44FK0383 is recorded as an early
nineteenth-century farmstead and has not been evaluated for the NRHP. The site was recorded in 1992 by
JMU including aboveground foundation remains and earthen driveway. Recovered artifacts date the site to
the Antebellum and Early National Periods. Site 44FK0385 has not been evaluated for inclusion in the
NRHP by the SHPO. Site 44FK0423, like the other two sites, is also listed in its VCRIS entry as having
been recorded during survey FK-021. The site is simply recorded as a historic site with a general category
of transportation/communication and a comment of “property boundary.” No additional information about
site 44FK0423 could be found within the FK-021 survey report. It has also not been evaluated for inclusion
in the NRHP by the SHPO.
A total of 24 historic resources have been identified within 0.5 mile of the disturbance zone including two
Civil War battlefield areas, a rural historic district, several historic houses and farmsteads, two cemeteries,
a church, a school, and a historic bridge (Table 4, Figure 12). The majority of the individual properties were
recorded as part of a countywide architectural survey of rural landmarks performed by Maral S. Kalbian in
1992 (Kalbian 1992). One resource, the plantation known as High Banks (034-0109) located east of the
project, is listed on both the NRHP and VLR. While the farm fields associated with High Banks lie within 0.5
mile of the disturbance zone, all of the buildings associated with the resource are greater than 0.5 mile
away. Four other historic resources have been determined eligible for the NRHP or potentially eligible. Of
these resources, the Jordan White Sulphur Springs (034-0110) and Milburn Rural Historic District (034-
5035) are just to the north of the project area, and the Opequon Battlefield/Third Battle of Winchester (034-
0456) is located just to the south.
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Figure 11 Previous survey conducted by JMU in 1992 with current project survey areas.
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Table 3 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within 0.5 Mile of the Project
Disturbance Zone
Site ID Site Type/Time Period NRHP Eligibility
44FK0001 Unknown, Woodland (1200 B.C. - 1606 A.D.) unknown
44FK0330
Other, Early National Period (1790 - 1829), Antebellum Period (1830 -
1860), Civil War (1861 - 1865), Reconstruction and Growth (1866 -
1916)
unknown
44FK0331 Unknown, Historic/Unknown unknown
44FK0332
Farmstead, Early National Period (1790 - 1829), Antebellum Period
(1830 - 1860), Civil War (1861 - 1865), Reconstruction and Growth
(1866 - 1916)
unknown
44FK0333 Unknown, null unknown
44FK0334 Mill, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0339 Dwelling, single, 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0347 Mill, raceway, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0348 Ford, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0349 Ford, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0372 T.H. Hoffman Site, Dwelling, single, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0375 Earthworks, 19th Century: 3rd quarter (1850 - 1874) unknown
44FK0376 Earthworks, 19th Century: 3rd quarter (1850 - 1874) unknown
44FK0377 Unknown, Prehistoric/Unknown (15000 B.C. - 1606 A.D.) unknown
44FK0379 Dwelling, single, 19th Century: 2nd half (1850 - 1899), 20th Century
(1900 - 1999) unknown
44FK0380 Dwelling, single, 20th Century: 1st half (1900 - 1949) unknown
44FK0381 Other, 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0382 Other, 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0383 Farmstead, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0384 Cemetery, Dwelling, single, Prehistoric/Unknown (15000 B.C. - 1606
A.D.), 19th Century: 1st quarter (1800 - 1825) unknown
44FK0385 Farmstead, 19th Century: 2nd half (1850 - 1899), 20th Century: 1st half
(1900 - 1949) unknown
44FK0386 Farmstead, 19th Century: 1st half (1800 - 1849) unknown
44FK0407 Dwelling, multiple, 19th Century: 2nd quarter (1825 - 1849) unknown
44FK0408 Jordan's White Sulphur Springs Spa Locale, Other, 19th Century: 1st
quarter (1800 - 1825) unknown
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Site ID Site Type/Time Period NRHP Eligibility
44FK0409 Other, 19th Century (1800 - 1899), 20th Century (1900 - 1999) unknown
44FK0410 Farmstead, 19th Century: 4th quarter (1875 - 1899), 20th Century (1900
- 1999) unknown
44FK0412 Cistern, 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0413 Resort facility, bath/spa, 19th Century: 1st quarter (1800 - 1825) unknown
44FK0420 Unknown, 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0422 Dwelling, single, null unknown
44FK0423 Other, Historic/Unknown unknown
44FK0428 Unknown, 19th Century: 3rd quarter (1850 - 1874) unknown
44FK0435 Mill, Prehistoric/Unknown (15000 B.C. - 1606 A.D.), 18th Century (1700 -
1799), 19th Century (1800 - 1899) unknown
44FK0888 Cemetery, Reconstruction and Growth (1866 - 1916), World War I to
World War II (1917 - 1945) unknown
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Figure 12 Previously recorded cultural resources within 0.5 miles of Redbud Run Project.
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Table 4 Previously Recorded Historic Resources within 0.5 Mile of the Project Disturbance
Zone
Resource ID Name NRHP Eligibility
034-0109 High Banks (Historic/Current), Grapes-Seevers-Clevenger House
(Historic), Helms-Clevenger House (Historic), Highland (Historic)
NRHP Listing,
VLR Listing
034-0110 Jordan White Sulfur Springs (Historic/Current), Shalom et Benidictus,
Sulfur Springs Spa (Historic) Eligible
034-0456 Opequon Battlefield (Historic), Third Battle of Winchester Site
(Current) Eligible
034-0704 Brumley House (Current), Smith Farm (Historic) Not Eligible
034-0722 Pugh House (Current) unknown
034-0723 Duvall House (Current) unknown
034-0724 Hallam House (Current) Not Eligible
034-1064 Clark, J., House and Mill (Historic), Jackson Mill (Historic), Silent Mills
(Historic/Current) unknown
034-1114 Backbone Farm (Historic/Current) unknown
034-1115 Conner, Harold House (Current) Not Eligible
034-1116 Jenkins-Dehaven House (Current) Not Eligible
034-1117 Bond-Stephenson-Simpson Cemetery (Current) Not Eligible
034-1118 Jenkins House (Current) Not Eligible
034-1119 Redbud Cemetery (Current) Not Eligible
034-1144 Keckley, Robert D., House (Historic/Current) unknown
034-1145 Moore, Keckley, House (Historic), Moore, Evaline, House (Current) unknown
034-1146 Red Bud School (Historic/Current) unknown
034-1147 Red Bud Church (Historic/Current), Red Bud United Methodist
Church (Historic/Current), Redbud Church (Alternate Spelling) unknown
034-1156 McTeirnan, Patrick, House (Historic), McTeirnan, Thomas, House
(Current) unknown
034-1157 Wood, C.W. Millers House (Historic) unknown
034-1158 Wood, Chas. Mill Ruins (Historic) unknown
034-5023 Second Winchester Battlefield (Historic) Eligible
034-5035 Milburn Rural Historic District (Current) Potentially Eligible
034-5191 Bridge #6133, Jordan Springs Rd, unnamed tributary, Opequon
Creek (Function/Location) Not Eligible
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The only NRHP-eligible historic resource to intersect the survey area is the Second Winchester Battlefield
(034-5023), the battles of which took place in June 1863. Most of the fighting associated with this battle
took place greater than a mile away from the project area, mostly to the south and west of downtown
Winchester as well as on the south side of the town of Stephenson north of the project area. Part of the
study area associated with this battle runs along Woods Mill Road (SR 660) and represents a possible route
of a night-time advance of Confederate troops to cut off the Union retreat. The study area at this location is
roughly defined as an approximately 1,000-ft. wide corridor centered on Woods Mill Road. Suspected troop
movement lines generally have lower probability to contain Civil War remains than would expected battle
locations, troop positions, or camps.
Eight of the historic resources within 0.5 mile of the disturbance zone have been determined not eligible for
the NRHP by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), while the remaining 11 historic resources
have not been assessed for NRHP eligibility. None of these resources have been recorded within the project
disturbance zone itself.
4.2 Historic Maps
Cardno archaeologists completed a review of digitally archived historic maps, topographic quadrangles,
and aerial imagery for the survey area in order to determine more precisely how the land has been used
historically. Maps and imagery available online from websites maintained by Library of Congress, USGS
and Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC (NETR) as well as aerial imagery on Google Earth were
reviewed. This data can be used to determine the probability for encountering intact cultural remains in the
study area.
Historic maps of Civil War battles were examined to assess the potential for Civil War remains within the
project area. The First Battle of Winchester was mostly fought to the immediate south of the city, although
Union lines of retreat also ran to the north. The study area for the First Winchester Battlefield (VDHR 138-
5005) lies greater than 2 miles west and southwest of the Redbud Run Project area. The study area of the
Second Battle of Winchester (VDHR 034-5023) includes a section running along Woods Mill Road and
intersecting the project area, while that of the Third Battle of Winchester (VDHR 034-0456) lies within one
mile of the project area but does not intersect it.
A map of the Second Battle of Winchester drawn in 1863 to accompany the report of Lieutenant General
Robert S. Ewell of the Confederate Army shows the positions and lines of movement of Confederate troops
in and around Winchester (Hotchkiss 1863). The portion of the battle suspected to have taken place within
the immediate vicinity of the project area was the nighttime march under Confederate Major General
Edward “Allegheny” Johnson, which took place between midnight and the morning of June 15, 1863 and
was intended to cut off retreating Union troops. Johnson’s march took a circuitous route out of the eastern
side of Winchester and towards Stephen’s Depot (modern Stephenson) via Jordan White Sulphur Springs.
The troops followed roads and are known to have traversed Devils Backbone, which has led some to
suspect they traveled along Woods Mill Road (Lauck 1921; Wittenberg and Mingus 2016).
The Hotchkiss (1863) map, however, shows Johnson’s march essentially as a limited series of straight lines
between a few key points, with the route across Devils Backbone as a single straight line connecting a
crossing of Red Bud Run and Jordan’s Springs (Figure 13). This section of the march is shown roughly
paralleling Red Bud Run to its north, and Jordan Springs is shown very close to this drainage. A closer
analysis of the map indicates that the area depicted south and west of Red Bud Run are drawn with north
to the top of the map, while the area north of Red Bud Run has been rotated by at least 70 degrees towards
the east. This serves to most drastically distort the area between Jordan Springs and Red Bud Run, which
is the project area itself.
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Figure 13 Detail of Hotchkiss (1863) map showing the portion north and east of Winchester
Comparing identifiable points on the Hotchkiss (1863) map with more accurately drawn maps from later in
the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in particular a map of the Third Battle of Winchester (Gillespie
1873), various potential routes over Devils Backbone become apparent. Figure 14 shows these identified
points on Hotchkiss (1863) as well as the 1942 Winchester USGS 1:62,500 scale topographic quadrangle.
This early twentieth-century quadrangle map compares well with the roads depicted on the Gillespie (1873)
map but shows them much clearer for easier illustration. Table 5 provides a key to the individual points
identified on Hotchkiss (1863) and Gillespie (1873). Point 16 on the illustrations represents the crossing of
Red Bud Run and is dependent on Point 14, or the start of the march north from Berryville Pike. Fords of
Red Bud Run existed in two locations in the vicinity on the Gillespie (1873) map, one directly south of the
southern end of Woods Mill Road (and the southwest corner of the project area) and one farther west. Only
the ford farther west would connect with Point 14, which lies both west of the split of Berryville Pike and Old
Berryville Road and on a similar ridge with houses on both sides of the road depicted on both maps.
Assuming Point 16 is the actual crossing of Johnson’s march, the turn towards Jordan Springs just across
the creek would likely have been on what is now Redbud Road. The Gillespie (1873) map as well as the
later 1942 quadrangle show two possible roads that turned off of Redbud Road towards Jordan Springs
and traversed Devils Backbone previously (Figure 15). Woods Mill Road was the farther of the two and the
least direct route. The other road ran over the spine of Devils Backbone and connected up with Woods Mill
Road just south of the project area access in the north. If this was the route taken by Johnson, the only
portion of the project area they would have passed immediately adjacent to may be the project area access.
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Figure 14 Comparison of Hotchkiss (1863) and 1942 Winchester quadrangle
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Table 5 Key to Numbered Features on Historic Map Comparison
Number Feature
1 Star Fort
2 Fort Collyer
3 James Lewis
4 Mrs. Carter
5 Stephenson's Depot
6 Turnpike to Martinsburg
7 Intersection Martinsburg Pike and Charlestown Road
8 Intersection along Charlestown Road
9 Road splits, NW to Stephenson's Depot
10 Road splits, E to Charlestown, SE to Jordan's Springs
11 Jordan's Springs
12 Cemetery
13 Lime Kiln
14 Intersection along Berryville Pike
15 Road splits, Berryville Pike and Old Berryville Road
16 Red Bud Run crossing
17 Intersection along Martinsburg Pike
18 Railroad crossing
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Figure 15 Possible routes (purple) of Johnson’s march along roads depicted on Gillespie
(1873) map, oriented with north to the top of the page (with the project area shown
in orange)
Besides providing a more accurate comparison map to assess the potential route of Johnson’s march
during the Second Battle of Winchester, the Gillespie (1873) map details the Confederate and Union
positions during the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19, 1864, also known as the Battle of
Opequon. No troop positions or lines of movement are shown for the specific area of the project (Figure
16). The closest positions to the project area noted on the map are those of the Union VIII Corps 1st Division
(Thoburn) between 0.6 and 0.7 miles to the west-southwest (upper left on the map), the Union VIII Corps
(Crook) between 1.1 and 1.2 miles to the southeast (lower left on the map), and the Confederate Infantry
and Cavalry of Warton and the Union Cavalry of Devin and Lowell near Leetown between 0.9. and 1.0 mile
to the north (upper right on the map).
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Figure 16 Detail of Gillespie (1873) map showing the relation of the project area to troop
positions during the Third Battle of Winchester
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5 Research Design
5.1 Objectives
The objective of this archaeological and historical survey was to locate and evaluate any historic properties
located within the survey boundaries. Prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, structures, landforms,
cemeteries, landscapes, traditional cultural properties, linear resources (historic roads, railroads, and
canals), and structures are among the types of historic properties looked for during this investigation.
The first part of the research strategy was to compile background, or archival, information about the survey
area. State and local agency records and the “gray” literature were searched for relevant data. This
information was used to generate a site predictive model for this particular survey area to guide the field
investigations. Previous survey work in the general vicinity and within the region was consulted to provide
an overview of the types of resources that might be encountered, and to give insight into the methods used
by other researchers. VCRIS data was searched for any previously recorded sites within or adjacent to the
survey area that would merit special consideration. The survey area was mapped on USGS 7.5’ topographic
quadrangles to indicate slope and distance to water, important factors in developing the site predictive
model. Soil data and environmental surveys were used to characterize the environmental setting of the
survey area, and identify areas more suitable for prehistoric or historic settlement. Both primary and
secondary resources were used to develop a historic context of the survey area.
5.2 Area of Potential Effects
The area of potential effects (APE) is the “geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly
or indirectly cause changes in the character of or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist” (36
CFR 800.16(d)). The APE is defined based on the potential for effect, which may differ for aboveground
resources (historic structures and landscapes) and subsurface resources (archaeological sites). The APE
for subsurface resources includes all areas where ground disturbances are proposed along the Project,
while the APE for aboveground locations includes those areas along with areas where land use may
change, and any locations from which the Project may be visible.
The archaeological APE for the Redbud Run Project in Virginia is defined as the areas proposed for solar
arrays contained within fencing and the access road connecting to Woods Mill Road. In addition to the area
of direct effects, the APE for above-ground resources (including architectural resources and cultural
landscapes) also includes areas from which the Project may be visible. For the Redbud Run Project, this
includes a half-mile buffer surrounding the defined disturbance zone.
5.3 Expected Results
Throughout Virginia, the larger prehistoric sites tend to be located in proximity to important water sources,
namely along major rivers and creeks. These areas are often where two or more different environmental
settings interface. Such locations gave the early inhabitants access to a variety of resources in one place.
Distance to potable water is a key factor in predicting site location. Rivers, creeks, and lake shores were
favored locations. Sites found in upland settings farther from water tend to be small lithic scatters or
campsites. Riverine settings, especially near the confluence of two rivers or streams, became especially
important during the Late Woodland Period when agriculture increased in importance.
Distance to water is not as significant of an indicator when it comes to historic sites, but major rivers were
still important during early historic times since they formed the major transportation corridors to the interior.
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Locations of natural crossings where rivers could be forded were especially important during early historic
periods. River floodplains away from towns, such as the Project area location were typically used for
agricultural purposes. Historic structures, particularly residences, tend to be located on somewhat higher
ground, where flooding is not an issue. Historic resources for this project were expected mostly to be related
to agricultural activities, and given the proximity of Civil War activity, Civil War-related sites or artifacts were
considered also possible.
5.4 Probability Model
An archaeological probability model was developed to guide subsurface testing of the project disturbance
zone. This model took into account the results of previous archaeological testing within the area, locations
of known sites, soils, topography, and distance to water. Three main levels of probability are typically
identified throughout the area: high, medium, and low. Additionally, a fourth level designated medium-low
was identified for this area. Given that the entirety of the disturbance zone was shovel tested at 50 to 25-ft.
intervals previously with the exception of very steep side slopes (Hofstra and Geier 1992), high probability
areas were limited to the locations of previous findings and their immediate surroundings. The other zones
were determined through analysis of the various environmental factors. Given that the entire project area
was dissected by several small drainages, distance to water as a factor in distinguishing zones was
considered to be fairly equivalent throughout. Soils mapped within the disturbance zone were classified as
having higher or lower archaeological probability based on farm classification, that is, areas classed as
prime farmland having higher archaeological probability than those that are not prime farmland (Figure 17).
Topography was considered by undertaking a slope analysis based on high-resolution LiDAR data available
from the USGS via The National Map webviewer (https://apps.nationalmap.gov/viewer/). The available
digital elevation model (DEM) covering the area had a horizontal resolution of 1/9 arc-second
(approximately 3 m) and was based on LiDAR data collected between 2011 and 2014. The DEM was used
to classify slopes for the vicinity of the project. The right-hand panel of Figure 17 displays the slope analysis
which color codes individual pixels of the DEM according to certain ranges of percentage slope. Like soils,
slopes were also used to classify the disturbance zone into two general areas of higher or lower
archaeological potential. Flatter and more gently sloping areas, in particular larger more uniform areas,
were considered to have higher archaeological probability than steeper areas. Areas with 0 to 2 or 2 to 5
percent slopes were considered to have the best potential, while areas with 7-15 or greater than 15 percent
slopes were considered to have the lowest potential. The division between the two probability zones was
generally drawn between these within areas classified as having 5 to 7 percent slopes, generally with fairly
wide areas of 5 to 7 percent slopes included in the higher probability class.
The overall probability model was formed through a combination of the 1992 survey results and the soil and
slope analysis maps (Figure 18). When combining soil and slope, slope was considered the more significant
factor, mostly because the slope model was considered more spatially accurate than the soil mappings
since the former is based on accurate LiDAR data. High probability zones were those in the immediate
vicinity of previous findings regardless of soil and slope. Medium probability zones were those remaining
areas where both soils and slope suggested higher probability. Medium-low probability zones were those
that were considered to have higher potential regarding slope but lower potential regarding soils. Finally,
low probability zones were those areas with lower potential according to slope regardless of soil type.
The probability model was used to devise a stratified subsurface shovel testing plan for the project
disturbance zone. One hundred percent of high probability zones were to be systematically shovel tested,
while at least 25 percent of medium probability zones were to be tested. Medium-low and low probability
zones were to include about 15 and 10 percent testing, respectively.
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Figure 17 Map showing soil analysis of the disturbance zone along with previous survey
findings and slope analysis of area
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Figure 18 Map showing combined probability model and stratified sample testing plan
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5.5 Field Methods
In May and September 2021, Cardno provided trained field survey crews, comprised of a lead archaeologist
or architectural historian and field technicians, to evaluate and record archaeological and historical resource
data needed to produce the cultural resource reports. Field surveys were conducted based on both
procedures and protocols developed for large acreage surveys, previous surveys conducted in the area,
and previous solar projects. These procedures and protocols were designed and based on the Virginia
guidelines for cultural resource surveys (VDHR 2017) and in accordance with Virginia Code 9VAC15-60-
40 related to the Small Renewable Energy Projects permit by Rule Provisions. Detailed methodology was
submitted as a Phase I research design to the VDHR for review and comments prior to the start of fieldwork.
5.5.1 Definitions
Two designations for identified archaeological resources were used in this Phase I survey: archaeological
site and archaeological location. As outlined in Virginia survey guidelines (VDHR 2017), an archaeological
site is defined as the physical remains of any area of human activity greater than 50 years old for which a
boundary can be established, and often is manifested by the presence of artifacts and/or cultural features.
To establish a boundary, typically three or more artifacts related temporally or functionally within a spatially
restricted area are needed. This definition does not apply to cultural material that has been recently
redeposited or reflects casual discard. Any occurrence of artifacts or other cultural features which does not
qualify for a site designation is termed an archaeological location. In application, defining these types of
resources requires a certain degree of judgment in the field and consideration of a number of variables.
Contextual factors such as prior disturbance and secondary deposition must be taken into account. The
representative nature of the sample as measured by such factors as the degree of surface exposure and
shovel test interval also must be considered.
5.5.2 Archaeological Field Methods
The archaeological survey encompassed the entirety of the disturbance zone as identified by the project
plans. The survey included a mix of visual inspection and systematic subsurface testing based on a
probability model developed for the site and specific field conditions. All portions of the project disturbance
zone were at least visually inspected through pedestrian survey along transect spaced 15 m (50 ft.) apart.
Additionally, fields with at least 50 percent ground visibility were surface inspected, typically along transects
spaced about 10 m (33 ft.) apart. Systematic shovel testing at 15-m (50-ft.) intervals was performed within
the area according to the stratified sampling methodology based on the probability model. To simplify the
survey in the field, a series of shovel tests predominantly in 5 by 5 blocks covering areas measuring 75-x-
75 m (250-x-250 ft.) were placed throughout the area, with the blocks oriented at magnetic north. Table 6
indicates the amount of systematic shovel testing performed according to probability zones devised for the
area.
Table 6 Model and Actual Shovel Testing According to Probability Zone
Probability Zone Model Testing
Percentage
Actual Testing
Percentage
High 100% 100%
Medium 25% 38%
Medium-Low 15% 17%
Low 10% 11%
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If artifacts were encountered in shovel tests, site boundaries were to be determined through the excavation
of 7.5-m (25-ft.) spaced shovel tests on a cruciform pattern around a central positive test until two
consecutive negative tests were noted in each direction or the boundaries of the survey area were reached.
However, no positive shovel tests were noted during the survey. All excavated shovel tests measured 15
inches (38 cm) in diameter and were dug to sterile subsoil. No deep alluvial sediments were encountered
during the survey that might require additional use of hand augers beyond the reach of a shovel.
As portions of the project area intersect a Civil War battlefield area as mapped within VCRIS, metal
detecting was employed according to the VDHR guidelines and the standards set forth by the board of
Advanced Metal Detecting for the Archaeologist (AMDA). Metal detecting survey was not previously
completed during the prior archaeological survey of the area in the 1990s. A portion of the Second
Winchester Battlefield (034-5023) is mapped along Woods Mill Road (SR 660) and corresponds to a
possible route of a night-time advance of Confederate troops to cut off the Union retreat. As suspected
troop movement lines generally have lower probability to contain Civil War remains than would be expected
at battle locations, troop positions, or camps, metal detection survey was performed along limited transects
within the portions of the disturbance zone closest to Woods Mill Road. Cardno performed metal detection
survey along parallel transects within sections of the disturbance zone within 500 ft. of Woods Mill Road,
with some shorter, perpendicular transects judgmentally placed with the survey area as well. Metal detector
finds were to be flagged, mapped, and hand excavated using pinpointer devices to locate materials and
confirm that all metal at the specific find location is uncovered. Additional shovel tests were to be excavated
near metal detection finds as appropriate, however, no historic materials were encountered during the metal
detection survey.
During shovel testing and pedestrian survey, all shovel test locations were recorded using a Trimble 7x
handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) device with sub-meter accuracy. Also during the metal detector
survey, all transects were also recorded with the Trimble GPS device. All GPS positions were taken as
UTM coordinates in relation to North American Datum (NAD) 83.
5.5.3 Architectural Field Methods
Architectural reconnaissance field survey located and documented all historic resources (buildings,
structures, objects, districts, landscapes, or linear resources) within 0.5 mile of the disturbance zone and
evaluated them for their eligibility for listing in the NRHP. Historical research including, but not limited to,
historic maps, books, newspapers, deeds, aerial photographs, and local informants, identified significant
historical associations, related contexts, historic settlement, and land use patterns in the region. Field
survey involved walking or driving the APE to identify buildings, other man-made features, natural elements,
circulation networks, transportation routes, and spatial relationships between the resources in their settings.
All resources constructed on or before 1971 were recorded and submitted to VCRIS. Resources less than
50 years of age, but of exceptional significance as defined by the NRHP, were recorded. A physical
description of each resource is provided in this report, and digital photographs were taken of exteriors of
each resource. In assessing the historical significance of any resource, standard criteria utilized for
determining eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP, as defined in 36 CFR 60.4, and in consultation with the
SHPO, was used.
5.6 Laboratory Methods
Materials recovered during the investigation were returned to the Cardno laboratory in Wake Forest, North
Carolina, to be cleaned, stabilized, and catalogued. Cardno performs laboratory analysis of all artifacts
based on industry standards for the processing of archaeological materials. Proveniences recorded in the
field were maintained throughout processing. Although most material was washed, some delicate cultural
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material such as some rusting metal was merely dry-brushed. Artifacts were completely dried in racks with
mesh bottoms prior to rebagging.
Following initial processing, all artifacts were sorted and cataloged. Artifacts from each provenience were
sorted by material and type into analytical categories, each of which was assigned a lot. Artifacts were
further analyzed to identify more specific typological characteristics, with the aim of obtaining specific or
relative dates. All diagnostic artifacts were labeled in the least conspicuous spot with the state site number,
FS, and lot following the VDHR’s collection management standards (VDHR 2011). Selected artifacts related
to particular time periods or cultural affiliation were photographed for illustration in the technical report. All
artifacts were bagged by individual lot in 4-mil polyethylene bags with zip closure labeled with permanent
marker.
Documentation of artifacts was done on standardized forms. All pertinent information was recorded
including all provenience information, dates of collection and analysis, initials of collector and analyst,
detailed artifact descriptions, count, weight in grams (g), and size measurements when appropriate. This
information was then entered into an database for generation of tables in reports.
5.6.1 Historic Artifacts
The data recording and analysis of historic artifacts collected during this Phase I survey were based on
South’s (1977) artifact function categorization system with necessary modifications. Functional categories
employed in this system include Architecture, Clothing, Furniture, Kitchen, Personal, Arms, Tobacco, and
Activities (Table 7). Only those categories relevant to the current project are described in more detail in the
following section. Artifacts not confidently assigned to one of these groups are referred to as Miscellaneous.
Ceramics and glass bottles constitute two of the most frequent artifact types within the Kitchen category,
which itself is the most comprehensive and detailed group of artifacts. Both of these materials are durable;
they survive long term exposure to soil and the natural environment and enter the archaeological record
regularly. Few of these artifacts are routinely adapted to other uses and therefore, ceramic and glass
characteristics can be used to help place an archaeological component in time.
When possible, maker’s marks, trademarks, and evidence of manufacturing methods were researched to
help identify location and date of production. Maker’s marks on ceramics and glass were recorded and
researched using standard reference works to identify manufacturer, location and date of manufacture.
Table 7 South’s (1977) Artifact Function Categories
Category Description
Activities
Artifacts representing leisure time, such as marbles, fish hooks, gaming pieces, and
children’s tea sets, as well as work-related artifacts such as axes, harness parts,
horseshoes, and plow parts.
Architectural Architectural artifacts cover a broad range of items related to structures such as brick,
mortar, nails, and window glass.
Arms Category includes all types of weapons and ammunition
Clothing Artifacts of clothing consist of various fasteners and apparel related items
Furniture Refers to hardware associated with furniture
Kitchen Artifacts that involve food preparation or eating, including ceramic and glass artifacts.
Personal Category includes items used primarily by and for an individual
Tobacco Pipes Kaolin clay pipes, many types
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5.6.1.1 Kitchen Group
Whiteware. Whiteware is an English ceramic dating to between 1820 and the present; its production was
a direct result of the trend toward whiter ceramics over time. In order to accomplish this look, less cobalt
was utilized and alkaline was used for the glaze instead of lead. Decoration styles often carry over between
pearlware and whiteware, such as sponge decorated and annularware. Sponge decoration is created by
applying a stamped decoration to the vessel with a cut sponge and was used until at least 1930.
Annularware is made by applying rouletted or engine-turned, slipped, or painted bands in circles around
the vessel, are often earthen in color. They were popular between the mid-nineteenth century into the early
twentieth century. Whiteware can also be hand-painted with flower decorations in polychrome or other
imagery, decal-transferred in which a decal design is placed on the body of the vessel before or after the
firing process, or molded with an embossed rim but no other decorations (Lloyd 2001; Price 1979; Samford
and Miller 2015).
5.7 Curation
All artifacts (except those from private lands requested to be retained by the landowner), written records,
photographs, and project materials will be prepared for permanent curation in a facility meeting the federal
requirements of 36 CFR 79 Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archeological Collections and
in accordance with VDHR’s curation standards (VDHR 2011). Copies of the field notes, maps, and other
paperwork generated during the course of this survey along with digital photographic image files will be
stored at Cardno under file number E319302502.
5.8 Criteria for NRHP Eligibility
Cultural resources are evaluated for potential NRHP eligibility based on several criteria (NRHP 1998:2).
“The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is
present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting
materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.”
To be considered significant, the historic property must meet one or more of the four National Register of
Historic Places criteria in addition to possessing integrity:
A. Be associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our
history; or
B. Be associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or
C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent
the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
Criterion D is most commonly applied to archaeological sites, while A, B, and C are most often used to
evaluate buildings and structures (NRHP 1998).
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6 Archaeological Survey Results
6.1 Summary of Results
The current Phase I survey of the Redbud Run Project covered of a total of approximately 162.7 acres,
south and east of Woods Mill Road. This includes the disturbance area inside the fence line planned to be
erected around the solar arrays as well as the access roads, tie-in line, POI, staging areas, and planting
strips. Of the total survey area, approximately 26 acres, or 16 percent, was covered by shovel testing.
These areas were targeted based on the previous surveys done in the area and areas of higher probability.
The remaining acreage was surveyed via visual inspection, including the agricultural fields and wooded
areas. The Redbud Run Project as proposed includes multiple disturbance zone sections. For ease of data
organization and discussion, each area was assigned a letter designation (Figure 19). The northernmost
disturbance area (labeled B) as well as its access road (AR) were entirely wooded, comprised of mixed
hardwood, pine, and dense undergrowth. The larger two survey areas, D and E, were a mix of woods and
open field, and the tie-in line was a mix of woods and lawn.
During the archaeological survey of the Redbud Run Project, 529 total shovel tests were excavated. None
of the excavated tests was positive for cultural material. Seventeen tests were not excavated due to steep
slope or safety concerns, or their location within an existing road. Pedestrian survey of ground surfaces
yielded a single historic artifact, located in the vicinity of a previously recorded site (44FK0385). Metal
detector survey, covering approximately 18.8 acres conducted within the Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District, did not yield any historic material. Survey results are detailed in Figures 20 through 23.
Soils across the project area were similar and revealed shallow, heavily disturbed soils over highly compact
subsoil. In wooded areas, the average shovel test extended to 25 to 30 centimeters below surface (cmbs).
Stratum I was typically a light brown (7.5YR 6/3) or light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silty loam. Stratum II
was typically a highly compacted silty clay or silty loamy clay, and recorded as a pale brown (2.5Y 7/3) or
a pale yellow (5Y 7/4), often with significant mudstone deposits. In the agricultural areas, shovel tests were
shallower than those excavated in the wooded areas. These revealed highly disturbed and deflated soils
and very compact, dry subsoil. The typical shovel test excavated in the agricultural areas extended to an
average depth of 15 to 25 cmbs. Stratum I was recorded as light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) or light
brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty loam. Stratum II was a highly compact silty clay or silty loamy clay with
mudstone and bedrock deposits, and was observed as light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) or pale brown (2.5Y
7/4).
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Figure 19 Disturbance zones for Redbud Run Project.
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Figure 20 Survey results, Tie-in line.
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Figure 21 Survey results, Access Road (AR) and Area B.
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Figure 22 Survey results, Area D.
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Figure 23 Survey results, Area E.
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6.2 Previously Recorded Sites
The survey revisited three previously recorded site locations, 44FK0383, 44FK0385, and 44FK0423, all
originally identified in 1992 during the Abrams Creek-Redbud Run Survey by James Madison University
(JMU) (Hofstra and Geier 1992).
6.2.1 Site 44FK0383
Site 44FK0383 was originally recorded as a small antebellum farmstead including limestone pieces and a
pile of limestone and brick suggesting a possible foundation and chimney. The site was recorded as
destroyed to an unknown degree in 1992. Artifacts noted at the site at the time included brick fragments, a
horseshoe fragment, hand-blown bottle glass, a clay pipe stem, and various ceramic sherds including
earthenware, pearlware and whiteware. The site was not evaluated for inclusion in the NRHP.
Site 44FK0383 is situated south of the northernmost access road planned for the current project and sits
on a fairly level hilltop within an area of fairly open pines. Undergrowth was generally dense, and a dirt two
track ran through the area offering some exposed ground (Figure 24). The entire site area was fairly well
accessible allowing for close-interval pedestrian survey inspecting for surface limestone or bricks, but none
were noted in the area. The entire site area was shovel tested, but all tests were negative. The soils at this
location appeared to be greatly deflated. Shovel tests excavated within the site boundaries extended to an
average of 40 cmbs and exhibited two distinct strata. Stratum I was typically a brown (10YR 5/3) or light
brown (7.5YR 6/3) compact silty loam. Stratum II was a highly compact silty clay or silty loam clay and was
typically a yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) or very pale brown (10YR 7/4) (Figure 25). Due to the compact
nature of Stratum II, shovel tests were impassable beyond an average of 40 cmbs.
The lack of findings, both subsurface and surface, within the vicinity of 44FK0383 suggest that either the
site has been total destroyed since it was recorded in 1992, the site is ephemeral so as to be virtually
invisible, or the site was misplaced when first recorded and does not lie within the disturbance zone of the
current project. It is interesting that the recorded location of 44FK0383 existed within a plowed field as
shown on a 1964 aerial. This could lend credence to the idea that the site, which was described as
containing a possible foundation and chimney pile, was misplaced in 1992, or alternatively could mean that
it was a redeposited site pushed into the area after its use as a plowed farm field and has since been
removed from the area. Given the uncertainties, the original site boundaries were not adjusted.
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Figure 24 Area of previously recorded site 44FK0383, facing west.
Figure 25 Representative shovel test within boundaries of 44FK0383.
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6.2.2 Site 44FK0385
Site 44FK0385 was previously recorded along the western edge of survey area D, currently located within
a powerline corridor along Woods Mill Road (Figure 27, Figure 26). JMU surveyed the site through visual
inspection and shovel testing. Largely through artifact recovery, 44FK0385 was identified as a nineteenth
to twentieth century domestic farmstead. Artifacts included handmade brick, limestone, tin roofing, iron
hardware, window glass, porcelain, stoneware, and earthenware. Subsurface integrity at the site was noted
as being destroyed to an unknown degree. The site has not been evaluated for inclusion on the NRHP.
Cardno excavated shovel tests within and surrounding the site boundaries of 44FK0385. No cultural
material was found in shovel tests. Surface inspection indicated highly disturbed soils with areas of subsoil
on the surface. A single whiteware sherd was recovered from the surface. As such, the original site
boundaries were adjusted. The single recovered artifact is a whiteware sherd, likely from a large vessel.
The artifact exhibits no diagnostic information beyond a broad association with the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries. This would fall into South’s Kitchen Artifact Group, and be consistent with the assemblage and
artifact types recovered during the initial survey. The shovel tests in and adjacent to the site revealed
extensively disturbed soils. Shovel tests extended to an average of 30 cmbs and exhibited two distinct
strata. Stratum I was typically a light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) or pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty loam. Stratum
II was a highly compact silty clay or silty loam clay and was typically a light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) or
pale brown (2.5Y 7/3). In several shovel tests, Stratum II contained up to 30 percent mudstone or moderate
sized rocks. The ground surface of the powerline corridor also contained gravel throughout, and subsoil
was visible in some areas.
The original site boundaries were adjusted to reflect the additional artifact recovery. However, given the
extensive disturbance, relatively small assemblage, and lack of temporally diagnostic artifacts, this site is
recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
Figure 26 Area of previously recorded site 44FK0385, facing south.
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Figure 27 Survey results at site 44FK0383.
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6.2.3 Site 44FK0423
Site 44FK0423 was originally recorded along the eastern edge of the planned tie-in line, currently located
in a combination of woods and lawn (Figure 28, Figure 29). JMU recorded the site based on map projections
and through visual inspection. The site is categorized as a historic site related to the transportation and
communication industries. The original survey did not recover artifacts, and the site has not been evaluated
for inclusion on the NRHP.
Cardno excavated shovel tests near the western site boundary of 44FK0385. No cultural material was found
in shovel tests or on the surface, and no aboveground features were observed. The shovel tests in the
areas around the site revealed relatively shallow and compact soils. Shovel tests extended to an average
of 20 cmbs and exhibited two distinct strata. Stratum I was typically a reddish brown (10YR 5/3) silty loam.
Stratum II was a compact loamy clay or clay and was typically a strong brown (7.5Y 5/6).
Given that no cultural material was recovered from subsurface testing, and surface inspection did not yield
any additional cultural data, the original site was not relocated. Due to the lack of data, this site remains
unevaluated for the NRHP.
Figure 28 View of site 44FK0423, facing northeast.
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Figure 29 Survey results at site 44FK0423.
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7 Historical Survey Results
7.1 Summary of Results
Cardno conducted the historic architectural fieldwork in May and September 2021. The historic resources
were scattered throughout the architectural APE, which consisted primarily of agricultural fields and
scattered residences. Photographs were limited to the public right-of-way; in some cases, it was challenging
to capture the entire property since several of the buildings were set back from the road or hidden behind
vegetation. During the course of the investigation, Cardno documented 62 properties including three
districts in the APE that were more than 50 years old and evaluated these properties to determine potential
eligibility (Table 8; Figure 30). A description of these resources and NRHP evaluations are provided in this
chapter. The surveyed resources are primarily buildings and building complexes (i.e., farmsteads) but also
include sites such as historic cemeteries. The buildings are predominantly houses, agricultural outbuildings,
and former schoolhouses or churches.
In addition to the three districts, 19 resources in the APE were previously recorded in VCRIS. Three of
these have been demolished including: the Pugh House at 1654 Jordan Springs Road (034-0722), Bridge
#6133, Jordan Springs Rd, unnamed tributary, Opequon Creek (034-5191), and the Keckley Moore/Evaline
Moore House (034-1145) on Redbud Road. As a result of this survey, nine resources were identified as
significant properties, meaning that they were either previously NRHP-listed or determined NRHP-eligible
or this survey found them potentially NRHP-eligible (Figure 31). Three additional properties, the J. Clark
House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills at 302 High Banks Road (034-1064), the Backbone Farm at 352
Monastery Ridge Road (034-1114), and 180 Pine Road (034-5399) were found to have an unknown
eligibility as the structures on the parcel were not visible from the right-of-way. Only one resource, High
Banks at 423 High Banks Road (034-0109), is listed in the NRHP. The APE contains the previously
determined NRHP-eligible battlefields: the Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456)
and the Second Winchester Battlefield (034-5023). The Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035), which
was previously determined NRHP-eligible, also extends into the APE. One individual resource within the
APE, the Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110), was also previously determined NRHP-eligible. Four
additional properties, the Duvall House (034-0723), the Bromley House/Smith Farm (034-0704), Redbud
Farm/Wood House (formerly recorded as Charles W. Wood’s Miller’s House; 034-1157), and the Red Bud
United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147), were identified as potentially individually eligible during
this survey. Only two buildings could contribute to the above-mentioned districts. The remaining resources
lack the significant historical associations, architectural distinction, or integrity to be considered eligible for
listing in the NRHP.
Table 8 Historic Resources Identified during Redbud Run Phase I Survey
Resource VCRIS
Number
Site Name/
Address Date Type Evaluation Recommended
Action
1 034-5023
Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic
District
1863 District Determined
Eligible
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
2 034-0456
Opequon Battlefield
(Third Battle of
Winchester) Historic
District
1864 District Determined
Eligible
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
3 034-5035 Milburn Rural Historic
District 1730 District Determined
Eligible
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
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Resource VCRIS
Number
Site Name/
Address Date Type Evaluation Recommended
Action
4 034-0110
Jordan White Sulfur
Springs/1160 Jordan
Springs Road
1832,
1893
Com-
mercial
Determined
Eligible,
Contributing (2nd
Winchester HD
and Milburn Rural
Historic District)
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
5 034-5357 1384 Jordan Springs
Road 1969 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
6 034-5358 1392 Jordan Springs
Road 1967 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
7 034-5359 1418 Jordan Springs
Road 1970 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
8 034-5360 1430 Jordan Springs
Road 1970 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
9 034-5361 1462 Jordan Springs
Road 1965 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
10 034-5362 1472 Jordan Springs
Road 1967 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
11 034-5363 1482 Jordan Springs
Road 1961 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
12 034-5364 1500 Jordan Springs
Road 1971 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
13 034-5365 1552 Jordan Springs
Road 1967 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
14 034-5366 1564 Jordan Springs
Road 1968 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
15 034-0723 Duvall House/1681
Jordan Springs Road 1840 Single
Dwelling
Potentially
Eligible
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
16 034-5367 1695 Jordan Springs
Road 1971 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
17 034-0704
Bromley House/Smith
Farm/223 Burnt
Factory Road
1805 Farm Potentially
Eligible
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
18 034-5368 1058-1110 Woods Mill
Road
1940-
1970
Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
19 034-5369 1108 Woods Mill Road 1969 Garage
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
20 034-5370 1102 Woods Mill Road 1966 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
21 034-1115 Harold Conner House/
1010 Woods Mill Road 1887 Farm
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
22 034-5371 976 Woods Mill Road 1925 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
23 034-5372 936 Woods Mill Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
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Resource VCRIS
Number
Site Name/
Address Date Type Evaluation Recommended
Action
24 034-5376 906 Woods Mill Road 1946 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
25 034-5377 896 Woods Mill Road 1951 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
26 034-5378 897 Woods Mill Road 1966 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
27 034-5382 886 Woods Mill Road 1960 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
28 034-5373 878 Woods Mill Road 1959 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
29 034-5374 870 Woods Mill Road 1951 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
30 034-5375 840 Woods Mill Road 1935 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
31 034-5379 830 Woods Mill Road 1960 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
32 034-5380 758 Woods Mill Road 1952 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
33 034-5381 748 Woods Mill Road 1962 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
34 034-5383 527 Woods Mill Road 1969 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
35 034-1116
Jenkins-Dehaven
House/
417 Woods Mill Road
1890 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
36 034-1118 Jenkins House/359
Woods Mill Road 1954 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
37 034-5384 349 Woods Mill Road 1957 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
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Resource VCRIS
Number
Site Name/
Address Date Type Evaluation Recommended
Action
38 034-1156
Patrick McTeirnan
House/Thomas
McTeirnan House/
223 Woods Mill Road
1925 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
39 034-1157
Redbud Farm/Wood
House /145 Woods
Mill Road
1804 Grist Mill/
Farm
Potentially
Eligible,
Contributing (2nd
Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
40 034-1147
Red Bud United
Brethren Bud Church
and Cemetery/1551
Redbud Road
1882,
1876 Church
Potentially
Eligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD and the
Opequon
Battlefield HD)
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
41 034-5385 1506 Redbud Road 1947 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
42 034-5386 1501 Redbud Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
43 034-5387 1451 Redbud Road 1930 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
44 034-1146 Red Bud School/1420
Redbud Road 1950 School
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
45 034-5388 1347 Redbud Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
46 034-5389 1307 Redbud Road 1966 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
47 034-5390 328 Redbud Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
48 034-5391 185 Pine Road 1900 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
49 034-1119
Redbud
Cemetery/North side of
Pine Road
1906 Cemetery Ineligible No further action
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Resource VCRIS
Number
Site Name/
Address Date Type Evaluation Recommended
Action
50 034-5392 473 Pine Road 1940 Single
Dwelling Ineligible No further action
51 034-5393 138 Steepwood Lane 1970 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
52 034-5394 183 Steepwood Lane 1970 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
53 034-5395 2663 Berryville Pike 1962 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
54 034-5396 2621 Berryville Pike 1965 Trailer
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
55 034-0724 Hallam House/1586
Jordan Springs Road 1840 Farm Ineligible No further action
56 034-5397 2444 Berryville Pike 1926 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester HD
and the Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
57 034-1144
Robert D. Keckley
House /1263 Redbud
Road
1920 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(Opequon
Battlefield HD)
No further action
58 034-5398 1054 Jordan Springs
Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Ineligible,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
No further action
59 034-1064
J. Clark House and
Mill/Jackson
Mill/Silent Mills/302
High Banks Road
1800 Single
Dwelling Unknown
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
60 034-0109 High Banks/423 High
Banks Road 1753 Farm NRHP-Listed
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
61 034-1114
Backbone Farm/352
Monastery Ridge
Road
1864 Single
Dwelling Unknown
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
62 034-5399 180 Pine Road 1956 Single
Dwelling
Unknown,
Noncontributing
(2nd Winchester
HD)
Continued
screening with
existing vegetation
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Figure 30 Historic Resources within the Redbud Run architectural APE
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Figure 31 Significant historic resources within the Redbud Run architectural APE
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7.2 Historic District Descriptions
7.2.1 Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District
Address: Frederick County
VCRIS: 034-5023
Type: District (multiple property types)
Date: June 13-15, 1863
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Determined Eligible
Description:
The Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC), which was created by Congress in 1991, identified
the Second Winchester Battlefield as a historically significant Civil War site. The Civil War Battlefield
Preservation Act of 2002 instructed the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) of the National
Park Service to update the findings of the CWSAC. The Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District
(034-5023) is a Civil War-era battlefield located in and around the city of Winchester in Fredrick County,
Virginia. The district was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP and the Virginia Landmarks Register
(VLR) by the Virginia State Review Board in 1999. According to the ABPP, the district covers approximately
18,133 acres incorporating the routes of Confederate approach and flanking movements and the Union
retreat route and surrender site involved with the battle (ABPP 2009:319-21; VDHR, VCRIS 034-5023;
Figure 32).
Fought from June 13th to 15th, 1863, the Second Battle of Winchester was a part of the Gettysburg
Campaign commanded by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (National Park Service 2020). On June 7th,
1863, General Lee gathered 70,000 confederate forces in central Virginia, with the intent to invade the
Potomac, take Washington D.C. and Philadelphia. On June 10th, General Lee ordered Confederate
Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell to march north towards the Shenandoah Valley to invade the Blue
Ridge Mountains and capture Winchester, Virginia (NPS 2020a; VDHR, VCRIS 034-5023).
At the time, Union Major General Robert H. Malroy, held 8,000 Union forces in the Confederate
sympathizing City of Winchester. Although General Malroy received numerous reports of General Ewell’s
intention to invade, Malroy did very little to prepare for the possible invasion or to even evacuate. It was not
until General Ewell attacked the southern town of Middletown, Virginia that General Malroy decided send
out infantry to defend Winchester. Early on the morning of June 13th, General Ewell commanded 14,000
troops to attack Winchester and the surrounding villages, cutting off any possible escape by the Union
troops. The Battle raged on for two more days before Confederate forces captured the City of Winchester
(NPS 2020a; VDHR, VCRIS 034-5023).
The Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District is located along the center of the APE incorporating the
western edge of the project footprint along Woods Mill Road. The Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District runs north-south from the northern boundary of the APE along Jordan Springs Road, and then turns
southwest along Woods Mill Road to the southern edge of the APE and extending further west along
Redbud Road to the western boundary of the APE. The APE does not extend into the core areas of the
district according to the ABPP boundaries (ABPP 2009:321; VDHR, VCRIS 034-5023).
Within the APE, much of the landscape within the Second Battlefield of Winchester has been altered,
including the construction of many modern dwellings and paved roads. More modern developments and
widening of the Berryville Pike have impacted the district along the southern edge of the APE. While an
evaluation of the historic district in its entirety is beyond the scope of the current survey, 33 properties within
the APE are within the district boundaries (Table 9). However, only two were present at the time of the
battle, which is the period of significance for the district. As a result, the remaining 31 resources are not
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considered contributing to the district. Although the portion of the Second Battlefield of Winchester that is
within the APE may retain some of its historic landscape features, the majority of the essential features of
the Battlefield are located outside of the APE. Areas of the district beyond the APE were not evaluated.
Table 9 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District (034-5023)
VCRIS
Number Name Address Date
Contributing/
Noncontributing to
District
034-0110 Jordan White Sulfur
Springs 1160 Jordan Springs Road 1832, 1893 Contributing
034-5368 1058-1110 Woods Mill
Road 1110 Woods Mill Road 1940-1970 Noncontributing
034-5369 1108 Woods Mill Road 1108 Woods Mill Road 1969 Noncontributing
034-5370 1102 Woods Mill Road 1102 Woods Mill Road 1966 Noncontributing
034-1115 Harold Conner House 1010 Woods Mill Road 1887 Noncontributing
034-5371 976 Woods Mill Road 976 Woods Mill Road 1925 Noncontributing
034-5372 936 Woods Mill Road 936 Woods Mill Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5373 878 Woods Mill Road 878 Woods Mill Road 1959 Noncontributing
034-5374 870 Woods Mill Road 870 Woods Mill Road 1951 Noncontributing
034-5375 840 Woods Mill Road 840 Woods Mill Road 1935 Noncontributing
034-5376 906 Woods Mill Road 906 Woods Mill Road 1946 Noncontributing
034-5377 896 Woods Mill Road 896 Woods Mill Road 1951 Noncontributing
034-5378 897 Woods Mill Road 897 Woods Mill Road 1966 Noncontributing
034-5379 830 Woods Mill Road 830 Woods Mill Road 1960 Noncontributing
034-5380 758 Woods Mill Road 758 Woods Mill Road 1952 Noncontributing
034-5381 748 Woods Mill Road 748 Woods Mill Road 1962 Noncontributing
034-5382 886 Woods Mill Road 886 Woods Mill Road 1960 Noncontributing
034-5383 527 Woods Mill Road 527 Woods Mill Road 1969 Noncontributing
034-1116 Jenkins-Dehaven House 417 Woods Mill Road 1890 Noncontributing
034-1118 Jenkins House 359 Woods Mill Road 1954 Noncontributing
034-5384 349 Woods Mill Road 349 Woods Mill Road 1957 Noncontributing
034-1156
Patrick McTeirnan
House/Thomas
McTeirnan House
223 Woods Mill Road 1925
Noncontributing
034-1157 Redbud Farm/Wood
House
145 Woods Mill Road 1804 Contributing
034-1147 Red Bud United Brethren
Church and Cemetery
1551 Redbud Road 1882,
1876 Noncontributing
034-5385 1506 Redbud Road 1506 Redbud Road 1947 Noncontributing
034-5386 1501 Redbud Road 1501 Redbud Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5387 1451 Redbud Road 1451 Redbud Road 1930 Noncontributing
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VCRIS
Number Name Address Date
Contributing/
Noncontributing to
District
034-1146 Red Bud School 1420 Redbud Road 1950 Noncontributing
034-5390 328 Redbud Road 328 Redbud Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5391 185 Pine Road 185 Pine Road 1900 Noncontributing
034-5397 2444 Berryville Pike 2444 Berryville Pike 1946 Noncontributing
034-5398 1054 Jordan Springs
Road
1054 Jordan Springs Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5399 180 Pine Road 180 Pine Road 1956 Noncontributing
Figure 32 Map of Second Winchester Battlefield
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7.2.2 Opequon Battlefield (Third Battle of Winchester) Historic District
Address: Frederick County
VCRIS: 034-0456
Type: Site, District (multiple property types)
Date: September 19th, 1864
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Determined Eligible
Description:
The Opequon Battlefield (the Third Battle of Winchester) Historic District stretches north to south along the
eastern side of the city of Winchester and extends east along the Berryville Pike. Situated on the southern
boundary of the APE, properties along the Berryville Pike, Steepwood Lane, the south end of Woods Mill
Road, and Redbud Road are located within the district boundaries. According to the ABPP, the larger district
incorporates approximately 13,688 acres focusing on the action along the Berryville Pike and the Federal
attack on the Confederate Army (Figure 33; Lowe 1992:93-97; ABPP 2009:211-213; VDHR, VCRIS 034-
0456). The district was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP in 1990.
The Opequon Battle, also known as the Third Winchester Battle, was fought outside of the City of
Winchester on September 19th, 1864. The Third Battle of Winchester is the largest of all of the battles in
Winchester and the Shenandoah Valley. In 1864, the Confederate-occupied City of Winchester was
commanded by Lieutenant General Jubal Early. In September of 1864, a large Confederate infantry left
Winchester to head north. Word of this movement reached Union Army Major General Philip Sheridan who
decided it was time to take back the City of Winchester and the Shenandoah Valley. General Sheridan
attacked the remaining Confederate forces along the Opequon Creek, just north of the City of Winchester.
General Sheridan surrounded the Confederate Forces on all sides except for the south, forcing the
Confederate troops to flee to the streets of Winchester (NPS 2020b; VDHR, VCRIS 034-0456).
On September 19th, General Sheridan attacked the Confederate forces within the City of Winchester.
Confederate General Early and his troops fled to Fisher’s Hill, south of Strasburg. The Confederate Army
lost 4,000 soldiers and two generals during the Third Battle of Winchester while the Union Army lost 5,000
soldiers and one general. The Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester was the bloodiest battle
in Winchester throughout the Civil War and marked the turning point of the war in the Shenandoah Valley
and the decline of Confederate control (VDHR, VCRIS 034-0456).
Identified as one of the battlefields at the highest risk in 1992, much of the landscape within the Opequon
Battlefield has now been altered by modern development. While an evaluation of the historic district in its
entirety is beyond the scope of the current survey, 16 properties within the APE are within the district
boundaries (Table 10). Of these, only one was present at the time of the battle, which is the period of
significance for the district. As a result, the remaining 15 resources are not considered contributing to the
district. The portion of the district within the southern section of the APE along the Berryville Pike has been
impacted by more recently constructed housing complexes, but the areas immediately north along Redbud
Run remain largely rural where some landscape features may remain. Areas of the district beyond the APE
were not evaluated.
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Table 10 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle
of Winchester Historic District (034-0456)
VCRIS
Number Name Address Date
Contributing/
Noncontributing
to District
034-1156 Patrick McTeirnan House/Thomas
McTeirnan House
223 Woods Mill Road 1925 Noncontributing
034-1157 Redbud Farm/Wood House 145 Woods Mill Road 1804 Contributing
034-1147 Red Bud United Brethren Church and
Cemetery
1551 Redbud Road 1876 Noncontributing
034-5385 1506 Redbud Road 1506 Redbud Road 1947 Noncontributing
034-5386 1501 Redbud Road 1501 Redbud Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5387 1451 Redbud Road 1451 Redbud Road 1930 Noncontributing
034-1146 Red Bud School 1420 Redbud Road 1950 Noncontributing
034-5388 1347 Redbud Road 1347 Redbud Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5389 1307 Redbud Road 1307 Redbud Road 1966 Noncontributing
034-5390 328 Redbud Road 328 Redbud Road 1956 Noncontributing
034-5393 138 Steepwood Lane 138 Steepwood Lane 1970 Noncontributing
034-5394 183 Steepwood Lane 183 Steepwood Lane 1970 Noncontributing
034-5395 2663 Berryville Pike 2663 Berryville Pike 1962 Noncontributing
034-5396 2621 Berryville Pike 2621 Berryville Pike 1965 Noncontributing
034-5397 2444 Berryville Pike 2444 Berryville Pike 1946 Noncontributing
034-1144 1263 Redbud Road 1263 Redbud Road 1920 Noncontributing
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Figure 33 Map of Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester Historic District
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7.2.3 Milburn Rural Historic District
Address: Frederick County
VCRIS: 034-5035
Type: District (multiple property types)
Date: 1730-early 20th century
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Determined Eligible
Description:
Located northeast of the city of Winchester, the Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035) is a cultural
landscape roughly bounded by Jordan Springs Road, Old Charles Town Road, Martinsburg Pike, and Lick
Run. Located on the northwestern edge of the APE, the Milburn Rural Historic District encompasses both
natural and manmade features including a cluster of historic resources such as the Milburn House (034-
0729), the Byers House (034-1124), Stephenson’s Depot Battlefield (034-0720), the Helm House/Fort Helm
(034-0703), the Milburn Chapel Site and Cemetery (034-0950), the Carter-Hardesty House (034-0112), and
the Jordan White Sulphur Springs (034-0110) (VDHR, VCRIS 034-5035). Of these, only the Jordan White
Sulphur Springs (034-0110) is within the APE.
The heart of the district, the Milburn estate, encompasses 268 acres of land incorporating the mid-
nineteenth century Milburn House along with many of its original domestic and agricultural outbuildings.
Named after one of its earliest owners, John Milburn was a prominent Methodist minister in Frederick
County who constructed a Methodist church and cemetery on his property at the end of the eighteenth
century. The rural historic district also incorporates lands from the major Civil War battles in the Shenandoah
Valley including the Stephenson’s Depot Battlefield, the Second Battle of Winchester and the Opequon
Battle (Third Battle of Winchester). VDHR staff determined the Milburn Rural Historic District eligible for
NRHP listing under Criteria A and C in 1997 (VDHR, VCRIS 034-5035; Gray and Pape 1997).
Today, much of the landscape within the Milburn Historic District has been altered, including many modern
dwellings and paved roads. However, the essential residential properties, the cemetery, and the battlefield
remain intact. The portion of Milburn Historic District that is within the APE, only includes the Jordan White
Sulfur Springs (Table 11), which retains its integrity and significance, while the additional properties are
located outside of the APE.
Table 11 Historic Resources within the Boundaries of the Milburn Rural Historic District
(034-5035)
VCRIS
Number Name Address Date Contributing/
Noncontributing to District
034-0110 Jordan White Sulfur
Springs
1160 Jordan Springs
Road 1832, 1893 Contributing
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7.3 Historical Site Descriptions
7.3.1 Jordan White Sulfur Springs
Address: 1160 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-0110
Tax Parcel: 8027570, 8041277
Type: Multiple Dwellings, Commercial
Date: 1832, 1893
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Determined Eligible, Contributing
Description:
Located along the northern boundary of the APE, the Jordan White Sulfur Springs property is situated on
the west side of the road at 1160 Jordan Springs Road. This resource is within both the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035) boundaries and
was also determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C by the Virginia State
Review Board in 1993.
Throughout its long life the Jordan White Sulfur Springs has had many uses. The original property owner
who developed it into a retreat appears to have been Rezin Duvall, who promoted it for its medicinal
qualities in the early 1800s. Several cabins were built and the dam was enlarged drawing invalids from
across the region (Figure 34; Cartmell 1909:297).
Figure 34 Portion of map of Frederick County showing Duvall’s “Sulpher spring” (Varle and
Jones 1809).
In 1832, Branch Jordan purchased the property and built a limestone hotel named the White Sulfur Resort
adjacent to the undergound springs on the property. Jordan further capitalized on the waters by building a
bathhouse and several cabins creating an early spa. Over time, additional buildings were added to the
property including a larger, ca. 1855 wood frame hotel fronting on Jordan Springs Road, which was later
destroyed by fire ca. 1920. With the death of Branch Jordan, his nephew, Edwin C. Jordan, inherited the
property at the start of the Civil War. Hotel operations ceased during the war, and both hotel buildings were
used as hospitals for both the Confederate and Union armies, depending on who controlled Winchester.
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Soldiers who died at Sulpher Springs were buried on the grounds until reinterred at Stonewall Cemetery in
Winchester in 1866 (VDHR, VCRIS 034-0110; Historic Jordan Springs 2021; Allen 2001; Cartmell
1909:297). The 1873 map showing the September 19, 1864 Battle of Winchester illustrated the layout of
this property during the war (Figure 35; Gillespie 1873).
Figure 35 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864 (Gillespie 1873).
After the war, the hotel and spa reopened serving numerous veterans and statesmen. During the late
nineteenth century, the Jordan White Sulfur Springs Hotel and Spa gained increasing popularity as a resort
and tourism destination. Many people would travel by train from Washington, Baltimore, New York, and
Philadelphia to the property to enjoy the relaxing and healing environment and social events (VDHR, VCRIS
034-0110; Historic Jordan Springs 2021; Allen 2001; Cartmell 1909:297).
After Edwin Jordan died in 1890, his son, Clarendon, inherited the property and built the current brick
building ca. 1893. Built on the foundation of the 1832 carriage house, the new building appears to have
been attached to the 1832 hotel and was constructed of brick made on the property. Around the turn of the
century, however, the hotel lost its popularity and Jordan sold the property to his brother-in-law Col. Henry
Baker in 1905. Baker leased out the the hotel until the resort closed in 1916. Several attempts to revive the
inn during the late 1910s and 1920s failed in their longterm efforts, but an advertising brochure produced
during the period provides insight to the buildings and amenities offered on site at the time (Figure 36;
VDHR, VCRIS 034-0110; Historic Jordan Springs 2021; Allen 2001; Cartmell 1909:297).
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Figure 36 Jordan Springs site plan from a promotional brochure, ca. 1920, which includes
the existing hotel at the top of the map and the ca. 1855 hotel at the lower right
(Historic Jordan Springs 2021).
The hotel remained largely closed during the 1920s and 1930s until W.H.M. Stover purchased it during
World War II in 1942 and repaired the buildings after the war in the late 1940s. He reopened it on a limited
basis in 1949 when it regained some popularity, especially among local residents who used the grounds
for picnics, camping, baseball, and swimming. In 1951, the Franklin Foundation leased the property for use
as a school. After the school failed, the Missionary Servants of the Most Holy Trinity purchased the property
in 1953, in order to operate a Catholic Monastery and Seminary. Under their ownership, changes included
replacing the Sulfur Springs pool and converting the dressing rooms into a library as well as turning the
ballroom into a chapel. In 1972, the Shalom et Benidictus leased the property converting it into a drug and
alcohol rehabilitation center for teenagers. After the treatment center closed in 1999, County Couty
Reporters Inc. purchased the property in 2001 for use as their headquarters and converted the main building
into a technology and training center and a full service event venue. In the same year, the Jordan White
Sulfur Springs became the first property in Frederick County Virginia to receive a Historic Overlay District
(VDHR, VCRIS 034-0110; Historic Jordan Springs 2021; Allen 2001).
The 237-acre Jordan White Sulfur Springs property contains six buildings: the hotel, a cabin, an office, a
pergola set over the spring, a workshop, and a shed. The L-shaped hotel (Figures 37 through 40) consists
of the 1893 three-and-a-half-story front brick block and a two-and-a-half-story limestone based rear wing,
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which appears to have been the original 1832 hotel. The brick is laid in seven-course American bond brick.
The cross-hipped roof is covered in asphalt shingles and pierced by six gable dormers. There is a stepped
brick pattern at the cornice line. The hotel rests on a tall stone foundation wall with a walkout basement on
the south elevation. The façade has nine-bays that are separated by brick pilasters that stretch the entire
height of the building. The two front entrances are protected by a two-story wrap-around porch. The porch
is covered in asphalt shingles and supported by wood posts. The rear wing has a large interior brick chimney
on the ridge line. The windows are vertical configured 2-over-2 double-hung sash wood with stone sills. All
of the window openings on the first, second, and basement stories are topped with brick curved segmental
arched lintels, while the window openings on the third story are topped with brick flat arched lintels.
Located directly northeast of the hotel, the two-story, wood frame cabin (Figure 41) rests on a tall stone
foundation wall. The cabin is clad in wood siding and the side gable roof is covered in standing seam metal.
There is an end exterior brick chimney on the east elevation. The windows are 6-over-6 double-hung sash
wood and 1-over-1 double-hung sash vinyl flanked by shutters. The front entrance is protected by a three-
bay, one-story porch. The porch has an asphalt shingle-clad shed roof supported by wood posts with
decorative sawnwork in the wood balustrade. Additional investigation may reveal that this building was
constructed soon after the original hotel was built, but may date as late as 1880. Constructed in 1954, the
office (Figure 42) is a Ranch-type building clad in a brick veneer topped by a hipped roof covered in asphalt
shingles. There is an interior brick chimney on the west roof slope, while the windows are vinyl casement.
Built prior to 1917, the spring (Figure 43) has an open, octagonal pergola with a conical roof supported by
parged brick Doric columns (Historic Jordan Springs 2021). The 1941 workshop (Figure 44) is a two-story,
concrete block building with a shed roof covered in asphalt shingles. The façade has four garage openings
with original wood garage doors. The windows are 6-over-1, wood double-hung sash with brick sills. The
shed is a frame building resting on a parged foundation and clad in wood siding. The side gable roof is
covered in standing seam metal.
Figure 37 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade, looking west
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Figure 38 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southwest
Figure 39 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and southeast elevation, looking
northwest
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Figure 40 Hotel at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, southwest (rear) elevation, looking southeast
Figure 41 Cabin at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and west elevation, looking northeast
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Figure 42 Office at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, façade and southwest elevation, looking
northwest
Figure 43 Pergola set above spring at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, looking southwest
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Figure 44 Workshop at Jordan White Sulfur Springs, northeast elevation, looking southwest
7.3.2 1384 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1384 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5357
Tax Parcel: 8015495
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1969
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
The residence located at 1384 Jordan Springs Road (034-5357; Figure 45) is a Ranch style house
constructed in 1969 on a 0.56-acre parcel on the west side of Jordan Springs Road. The Ranch style
building is clad in a brick veneer with vinyl siding within the gable ends. Covered in asphalt shingles, the
side gable roof has widely overhanging eaves. The main entry door on the façade (east elevation) is an 8-
panel, 1-light, wood door set behind a storm door above a simple brick stoop. There is an interior brick
chimney on the south wall and an integrated one-car garage on the north elevation at the walk-out basement
level. The windows are primarily 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash flanked by fixed louvered shutters. An
original picture window remains on the façade featuring horizontally configured wood 2-over-2 double-hung
sash windows flanking a 1-light fixed picture window. There is a small wood frame shed with a gambrel roof
located along the northwestern property line.
This residence is typical of Ranch style houses built throughout the state and evidences some modern
alterations, including replacement windows, that have impacted its architectural integrity. Consequently, it
does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not
indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 45 Dwelling at 1384 Jordan Springs Road, southeast (façade) and northeast
elevations, looking west
7.3.3 1392 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1392 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5358
Tax Parcel: 8015494
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1967
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
Set on a 0.9-acre parcel on the west side of the road, the residence located at 1392 Jordan Springs Road
(034-5358; Figure 46) is a Ranch style dwelling constructed in 1967. Clad in a brick veneer with vinyl siding
within the gable ends, the building has a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles with widely overhanging
eaves and an interior brick chimney on the south elevation. The main entry is a 2-panel wood door with a
fanlight set behind a storm door with a brick stoop. An integrated one-car garage is situated on the north
elevation. The windows are horizontally configured 2-over-2 wood, double-hung sash set independently
and flanking a 1-light fixed picture window flanked by fixed louvered shutters. A detached metal frame, 2-
car garage northwest of the house is wrapped in standing seam metal sheeting and topped by a gambrel
roof. There is a small wood frame workshop with a side gable roof located along the southern property line.
The limited historical data available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people.
Consequently, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Typical of Ranch style houses built
during this period, this dwelling also has a few alterations, such as some replacement siding, that have
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impacted its architectural integrity. As a result, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings
are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 46 Dwelling at 1392 Jordan Springs Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southwest
7.3.4 1418 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1418 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5359
Tax Parcel: 8015497
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1970
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
Constructed in 1970, the residence located at 1418 Jordan Springs Road (034-5359; Figure 47) is a Ranch
style dwelling resting on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road. Clad in brick veneer, the building
has a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles. The front entrance which has a recessed 4-panel wood
main entry door accessed by a brick entry stoop. There is an exterior brick chimney on the north elevation.
The windows are 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash with fixed louvered shutters. The façade is accented by
a large, 12-light fixed picture window with fixed shutters directly adjacent to the front entrance.
The research available did not indicate any significance in terms of historical associations with persons or
events indicating that this property is not eligible under Criteria A or B. The replacement of original windows
with modern vinyl units has impacted the integrity of this typical Ranch-style dwelling. Consequently, it does
not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 47 Dwelling at 1418 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.5 1430 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1430 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5360
Tax Parcel: 8015498
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1970
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
Situated on a 0.5-acre parcel at 1430 Jordan Springs Road (034-5360; Figure 48), this residence is a Ranch
style dwelling constructed in 1970. The Ranch dwelling located on the west side of the road is clad in brick
veneer with vinyl siding in the gable end. Covered in asphalt shingles, the side gable roof with widely
overhanging eaves features an exterior brick chimney on the north wall within the incorporated a one-car
carport. The carport is supported by metal posts set on brick bases. The 2-panel wood main entry door has
a fanlight and is set behind a metal screen door above a poured concrete porch with wrought-iron railing.
The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl, single-hung sash paired and set independently flanking a fixed window
flanked by fixed louvered shutters. There is a small wood frame shed with a gable roof located along the
northwestern property line.
With limited historical significance evidenced in the available data, this property does not appear NRHP
eligible for important associations in terms of events or persons. Therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criteria A or B. As a typical Ranch style house built throughout the state during this period, this
property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion
D.
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Figure 48 Dwelling at 1430 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.6 1462 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1462 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5361
Tax Parcel: 8015501
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1965
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
The residence located at 1462 Jordan Springs Road (034-5361; Figure 49) is a Ranch style dwelling
constructed in 1965 situated on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road. The house has a combination
of different sidings including an uncoursed stone veneer, brick veneer along the foundation, and vinyl siding
within the porch and in the gable ends. The side gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The main entry
door is a 4-panel wood door with a fanlight set behind a storm door within a three-bay porch. The porch is
covered with a slightly extended shed roof supported by square wood posts. There is an exterior chimney
that is clad in a stone veneer on the north elevation. The windows are 8-over-8 single-hung metal flanked
with fixed paneled shutters. There is a modern, detached one-car garage clad in vinyl siding and topped by
a front gable roof directly northwest of the dwelling.
This residence has undergone extensive alterations impacting its architectural integrity. Therefore, it does
not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C for its design, construction, or architecture. Historically, this
building has limited significance in terms of important events or persons and does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 49 Dwelling at 1462 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.7 1472 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1472 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5362
Tax Parcel: 8015502
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1967
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
This Ranch style dwelling located on the 0.9-acre parcel at 1472 Jordan Springs Road (034-5362; Figure
50) was constructed in 1967. Clad in a vinyl siding, the house has a side gable roof covered in asphalt
shingles and rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The main entry is a 1-light, paneled wood
door set behind a storm door. There is an interior parged chimney on the east slope. The windows are 6-
over-6 vinyl, double-hung sash set independently and paired and flanking a large fixed, 1-light picture
window. Decorative elements include widely overhanging eaves and fixed louvered shutters. There is a
modern workshop set under a gable roof and clad in vinyl siding directly southwest of the dwelling.
The limited information available concerning this property did not indicate any significant associations in
terms of events or persons. As a result, this resource does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
The common Ranch style design is typical of the style found throughout the area and has undergone
alterations such as replacement siding and windows impacting its integrity. Therefore, it does not appear
NRHP listing under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 50 Dwelling at 1472 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.8 1482 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1482 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5363
Tax Parcel: 8015503
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1961
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
The Ranch style residence located at 1482 Jordan Springs Road (034-5363; Figure 51) was constructed in
1961 on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road. Covered in asphalt shingles, the side gable roof
extends into a two-bay shed roofed porch shading the main entry with its paneled wood door set behind a
storm door. The porch roof is supported by square wood posts that rest on a poured concrete foundation.
The building is clad in brick veneer and features vinyl siding in the gable ends. An interior brick chimney is
situated on the west roof slope. The windows are 8-over-8 vinyl, single-hung sash flanked by fixed louvered
shutters with a 12-light vinyl picture window accenting the façade within the porch. There is a detached
one-car, wood frame garage with a side gable roof directly northwest of the dwelling.
The limited historical information did not indicate any significance in terms of events or persons. Therefore,
this property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. The common design combined with
alterations limiting the integrity indicate that this building is not significant under Criterion C in terms of
architecture either. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 51 Dwelling at 1482 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.9 1500 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1500 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5364
Tax Parcel: 8015506
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1971
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
This modest, Ranch style residence located at 1500 Jordan Springs Road (034-5364; Figure 52) was
constructed in 1971. Set on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road, the dwelling rests on a continuous
concrete block foundation, is clad with brick veneer, and topped by a side gable roof surfaced with asphalt
shingles. The gable ends are surfaced with vinyl siding. Set beneath the widely overhanging eaves, the
primary entrance features a 4-panel wood door set behind a storm door accessed by a small, poured
concrete and brick stoop with vinyl railings. There is an exterior brick chimney on the north elevation. The
windows are 6-over-6 vinyl, double hung sash with the façade anchored by a large one-light picture window
flanked by 4-over-4 vinyl, double hung sash windows with fixed louvered shutters. On the west (rear)
elevation, a set of wood stairs lead to a full length, wood frame porch set under a shed roof. An additional
entrance is present on the north elevation accessed via a poured concrete and brick stoop with wrought-
iron rails.
This small, compact Ranch style house is typical of the style found throughout the south and alterations,
such as replacement windows and new porches, have impacted its integrity. Therefore, it does not appear
NRHP eligible under Criterion C. With limited historical significance in terms of events or persons evidenced
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in the available data, this property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 52 Dwelling at 1500 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.10 1552 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1552 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5365
Tax Parcel: 8015510
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1967
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
Located at 1552 Jordan Springs Road (034-5365; Figure 53), this residence is a Ranch style dwelling
constructed on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road in 1967. Clad in a brick veneer with vinyl
siding in the gable, the house rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The side gable roof is
covered in asphalt shingles with an exterior brick chimney on the north elevation. The east elevation
includes a concrete block and brick stoop with wood railings. The stoop leads to an oval light, paneled wood
main entry set behind a storm door. Windows on the home are 1-over-1 vinyl, double-hung sash paired and
set independently flanking a 1-light picture window flanked by fixed louvered shutters. There is a modern
one-story room which may have originally served as a carport set under a gable roof with a ribbon of 1-light
sliding vinyl windows on the north elevation.
The limited research available regarding this modest, Ranch style dwelling did not reveal any significance
in terms of associations with events or people. As a result, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria
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A or B. Similarly, the typical design combined with alterations indicate it is not eligible in terms of design
under Criterion C either. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 53 Dwelling at 1552 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
7.3.11 1564 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1564 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5366
Tax Parcel:
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1968
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
Constructed in 1968, the Ranch style residence located at 1564 Jordan Springs Road (034-5366; Figure
54) rests on a 0.5-acre parcel on the west side of the road. Clad in brick veneer with vinyl siding in the gable
ends, this dwelling on a continuous concrete block foundation. The side gable roof is covered in asphalt
shingles with an interior brick chimney. The main entry is a paneled wood door set behind a storm door
above a poured concrete and brick stoop on the east elevation. The windows are 1-over-1 double-hung
sash vinyl, paired and independently placed. A large vinyl picture window flanked by 1-over-1 double-hung
sash vinyl windows flanked by fixed louvered shutters accents the facade. There is a modern one-story,
gable roof addition on the north elevation which appears to be a garage conversion. The addition now
features a paneled wood secondary entry set behind a screen door. Windows flanking the secondary entry
are the same type and material as those found on the main house.
Alterations have adversely impacted the integrity of this typical Ranch style dwelling indicating that it is not
eligible under Criterion C for its design. The limited research available did not indicate any significance in
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terms of persons or events so it does not appear eligible under Criteria A or B either. Buildings are typically
not eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 54 Dwelling at 1564 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking northwest
7.3.12 Duvall House
Address: 1681 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-0723
Tax Parcel: 8016031
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1840
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Potentially Eligible
Description:
Originally recorded as the Duvall House in 1989, the residence located at 1681 Jordan Springs Road (034-
0723) was constructed in 1840. It is a log structure built utilizing a Hall and Parlor plan with a rear frame
addition (Kalbian 1992; VDHR, VCRIS 034-0723). The original owner appears to have been Rezin Duvall,
who owned the sulphur springs just north of the property and promoted it for its medicinal qualities in the
early 1800s; Branch Jordan purchased the springs in 1832 and built the combination hotel and spa known
as Jordan’s White Sulphur Springs (Cartmell 1909:297). This property may have been built soon after that
transfer of ownership. In the 1850 census, Rezin Duvall was listed as an 82-year-old farmer who lived with
his wife, Eliza, and two of his children just south of Branch Jordan and owned approximately 126 acres with
a farm valued at $500 (Ancestry.com 2009a, 2010a). He died in 1852 (Find-a-grave.com, Mount Hebron
Cemetery). The house at 1681 Jordan Springs Road was shown on the map of the battlefield of Winchester,
which occurred in 1864, as the home of J. Newcomb (Gillespie 1873). This may have been John Newcomb,
a resident of the same district in 1850, but he relocated to Clarke County by 1870 (Ancestry.com 2009a,
2009c). This house was also on the Frederick County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 although
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no owner or resident name was listed adjacent (Figure 55; Lathrop and Dayton 1885). This dwelling now
rests on a 2.02-acre property on the east side of Jordan Springs Road and appears to be used for residential
purposes.
Figure 55 Duvall House depicted on Frederick County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in
1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885).
Measuring four bays wide by one bay deep, the main portion of this two story, Hall and Parlor log dwelling
is constructed of half dovetail notched hand-hewed logs set on a stone foundation (Figure 56). The side
gable roof is covered in standing seam metal. The primary entrance is protected from the elements by a
fully enclosed porch with a flat roof covered in standing seam metal. Board and batten wood siding in the
gable ends and on the north end of the house as well as the rear ell indicate possible later additions or the
application of siding over the log structure. An exterior stone chimney on the south wall as well as an interior
stone chimney on the west roof slope provided heat to the main portion of the dwelling. An additional stone
chimney is on the east exterior wall of the rear wing. The windows are 1-over-1 and 6-over-6 vinyl, double
hung sash. There is a one-story meat house directly east of the dwelling which now appears to serve as an
office or workshop. The meat house is clad in board and batten wood siding and topped by a side gable
roof covered in standing seam metal. There is a ca. 1990 detached one-car concrete block garage with a
gable roof and shed addition southeast of the dwelling.
In spite of the enclosure of the porch and replacement windows, this residence exhibits an early form and
construction method prevalent prior to the Civil War. Few of these types of houses remain in this relatively
unaltered state with the log construction and stone chimneys visible. Consequently, this property may be
eligible under Criterion C under Architecture for its construction methods. Although of historical interest due
to its possible association with Rezin Duvall, the historical significance appears to be limited at this time,
and the property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible
under Criterion D.
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Figure 56 Dwelling at 1681 Jordan Springs Road, south elevation and outbuilding, looking
north
7.3.13 1695 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1695 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5367
Tax Parcel: 8016008
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1971
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible
Description:
The Ranch style residence located at 1695 Jordan Springs Road (034-5367; Figure 57) was built in 1971
on a 0.5-acre parcel on the east side of the road. The home is topped by a side gable roof covered in
asphalt shingles with an exterior brick chimney and rests on continuous foundation. The building is clad in
brick veneer while vinyl siding adorns the gable. Windows on the house include 1-over-1 vinyl double-hung
sash independently placed. A large picture window flanked by horizontally configured 1-over-1 double-hung
vinyl windows is also present on the facade. The main entry is a paneled wood door with a fanlight set
behind a storm door.
With limited historical significance in terms of events or persons evidenced in the available data, this building
does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. The style is typical of examples found throughout the
state built during this era. Considering its alterations such as replacement windows, it does not appear
NRHP eligible under Criterion C for its design. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 57 Dwelling at 1695 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking east
7.3.14 Bromley House/Smith Farm
Address: 223 Burnt Factory Road
VCRIS: 034-0704
Tax Parcel: 8015857
Type: Farm
Date: ca. 1805
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Potentially Eligible
Description:
The Bromley House/Smith Farm located at 223 Burnt Factory Road (034-0704) is a large, Federal style
residence exhibiting the Central Hallway form. Constructed ca. 1805, this dwelling rests on a 45-acre parcel
on the west side of Burnt Factory Road. The property is currently used for residential purposes, but
according to the homeowners, it will be used for commercial purposes in the future. Initially surveyed in
1989 and again in 1992, this resource was identified as a potentially significant property (Kalbian 1992:248;
VDHR, VCRIS 034-0704).
This property appears to have originally been part of the estate initially settled by Joseph Carter in 1743
and passed down to James Carter, who died in 1798. Upon his death, he conveyed his main dwelling,
Spout Spring, and the associated grist mill on Abraham’s Creek, which was south of Redbud Run, to his
son, Joseph. Additional allotments included the following: “To son James, land between Redbud and
Abraham’s Creek with improvements, land on east side of Opeckon [sic] Creek, meadow ground on north
side of Redbud. To son Arthur, remainder of tract on north side of Redbud Run, also whole tract purchased
from my brother Joseph. To sons James and Arthur, equal right to all mills and mill seats within my limits
on Redbud” (Ancestry.com 2006). James Carter married Rachel Neill and lived at Red Bud Mills on the
west side of Opequon Creek where they raised 10 children before his death in 1831; his brother, Arthur,
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married Mary Kerfoot and the couple had 15 children before she died in 1821 and he died in 1846 (Joint
Committee of Hopewell Friends 1936:202-03; Cartmell 1909: 482-83; Quarles 1999:275; Find-a-Grave.com
Mount Hebron Cemetery). Archaeological field survey and research conducted by Clarence Geier and
Warren Hofstra in 1991 through James Madison University and Shenandoah University found that the
remains of the Carter-McAllister’s Mill (44FK390) was located immediately south of Redbud Run and this
house which is on the north side of the creek. Archaeological survey found the sawmill remains included a
landscaped platform, a deep wheel well, and the head and tail race which was landscaped into the terrain
(Hofstra and Geier 1992:90). When considered in conjunction with the 1798 deed, this may have been built
as one of the homes of the Carter family.
The 1873 map showing the September 19, 1864 Battle of Winchester illustrated this property as owned by
W.L. Smith, but additional research did not reveal any information concerning this individual (Figure 58;
Gillespie 1873). The building was subsequently shown on the Frederick County Atlas published by D.J.
Lake & Co. in 1885 as owned by John Brumley (Figure 59; Lathrop and Dayton 1885). It appears that this
was John Bromley, a prominent landowner in neighboring Clarke County, which was once part of Frederick
County. Although he may have owned this residence, his mother and siblings occupied the house. The
entire family lived in Clarke County in the 1850 census, but, by 1860, it appears that his mother, Mary
Bromley, lived in this house with daughters, Catherine and Elizabeth, and son, James. At the time, Mary
Bromley, aged 67, owned $5,600 worth of real estate and had a personal estate valued at $1,345, while
John Bromley still lived in Clarke County and owned $13,000 in real estate. By 1870, only Catherine and
Elizabeth occupied this property and still lived in the area according to the 1880 census. The limited
research available did not indicate the subsequent owners during the historic period (Ancestry.com 2009a,
2009b, 2009c, 2010c).
Figure 58 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864 (Gillespie 1873).
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Figure 59 Bromley House/Smith Farm depicted on Frederick County Atlas published by D.J.
Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885)
This large, L-shaped house (Figure 60) is seven bays wide by one-bay deep with a modern rear addition.
Although there is not an evident seam in the brickwork and the cornice is continuous, the size of the building
and location of the interior chimney and offset entrance indicate that this house was built in two phases with
the five bays on the east built prior to the two bays on the west. The two-story dwelling is set on an elevated
stone and brick basement and is constructed of brick laid in five-course American bond. The side gable
roof is covered in standing seam metal and pierced by three brick chimneys in the main block of the house:
one set on the interior ridge and two interior chimneys at the east and west walls. Situated on a hill facing
south overlooking Redbud Run, the primary entrance is set within a one-story, three bay wide porch set on
elevated brick piers. The porch has a hipped roof that is covered in standing seam metal supported by
Tuscan wood columns with a plain balustrade. The first floor windows are 9-over-6, while second floor
windows are 6-over-6 wood double-hung sash. Basement windows are six- and nine-light wood casement.
All of the windows are topped with brick flat arches and rest on stone sills. According to the homeowners,
the rear wood frame addition was added by the previous owner in the early-1970s (Figure 61). The rear
wing is clad in wood siding set under a gable roof covered in standing seam metal. There is a one-story,
four-bay porch and an integrated two-car garage on the west elevation of the rear wing. The rear wing has
8-over-8 double-hung sash wood windows.
The property has two outbuildings: a detached three-car garage and a quonset hut. The detached three-
car garage (Figure 62) is clad in metal siding with a side gable roof covered in standing seam metal. The
three garage openings do not have garage doors. The quonset hut (Figure 63) is clad in corrugated metal
and has large corrugated metal sliding garage doors.
The Federal style house exhibits its stylistic influence with a symmetrical design of brick construction,
interior brick chimneys, a hierarchy of windows with larger windows at the base accented by brick lintels
and stone sills, and a projecting entry porch with classically inspired elements. The modern, rear wing
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addition would now be considered historic and is indicative of the changing needs of the owners by
incorporating a garage. This building appears eligible under Criterion C in the area of Architecture as a fine
early and unusually large example of the style for the region. Additional historical research may indicate
significance associated with events or people, although it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A
or B at present. Buildings are not typically eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 60 Dwelling at 223 Burnt Factory Road, façade, looking north
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Figure 61 Dwelling at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west and north (rear) elevations, looking
southeast
Figure 62 Garage at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west elevation, looking east
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Figure 63 Quonset Hut at 223 Burnt Factory Road, west and south elevation, looking east
7.3.15 1058-1110 Woods Mill Road
Address: 1058-1110 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5368
Tax Parcel: 8009172
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1940, 1970
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The 13.78-acre parcel located at 1058-1110 Woods Mill Road (034-5368) incorporates four residences
which were recorded as one historic resource because VCRIS requires recordation by parcel. The four
residences on the south side of Woods Mill Road have street addresses of 1078, 1110, 1068, and 1058
Woods Mill Road and are described separately below. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023).
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This one-story Frame Vernacular dwelling at 1078 Woods Mill Road (Figure 64) is one of the earliest
structures on the property, built ca. 1940. The original design appears to be the same for the two houses
at 1058 and 1068 Woods Mill Road, perhaps indicating original construction for tenant housing. Now clad
in vinyl siding, the house at 1078 Woods Mill Road has a front gable roof covered in asphalt shingles. The
dwelling rests on a concrete block foundation and has a concrete block chimney on the exterior west wall.
The façade (north elevation) includes a three-bay open porch under a shed roof covered in standing seam
sheet metal supported by wood posts. A multi-light wood door set behind a metal storm door serves as the
main entry. The windows are 1-over-1 wood double-hung sash independently placed. There is a wood-
frame gable-roof shed with a shed addition located behind the house.
Figure 64 Dwelling at 1078 Woods Mill Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southeast
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The house at 1110 Woods Mill Road (Figure 65) is a dwelling constructed in 1970. Although now on a
separate parcel, the garage located at 1108 Woods Mill Road (034-5369) appears to be associated with
this residence. Clad in a vinyl siding, the house has a front gable roof covered in standing seam metal.
Facing east, the dwelling rests on a concrete block foundation and features an integral one-car garage on
the northeast elevation. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash. A modern workshop is directly
south of the house, while a small frame shed is southeast of the house.
Figure 65 Dwelling at 1110 Woods Mill Road, northeast elevation, looking southwest
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The residence located at 1068 Woods Mill Road (Figure 66) is a vernacular dwelling constructed in 1940.
This one-story dwelling has a front gable roof covered in asphalt shingles, rests on a concrete block
foundation, and is clad in metal siding. The façade (north elevation) is protected from the elements by an
open porch under a shed roof supported by wood posts. The wood frame porch leads to a wood main entry
door set behind a metal screen door. There is an exterior concrete block chimney on the west elevation.
The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash paired and independently placed with fixed louvered
shutters. Three sheds are present in the rear yard. The wood frame shed is surfaced in wood panels and
is topped by a shed roof covered in asphalt shingles. A concrete block shed sits next to it with a front gable
roof clad in asphalt shingles. Finally, the metal frame shed is topped by a gable roof and wrapped in
standing seam sheet metal.
Figure 66 Dwelling at 1068 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southwest
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The residence located at 1058 Woods Mill Road (Figure 67) is a vernacular dwelling constructed in 1940.
Clad in vinyl siding, the house has a front gable roof covered in asphalt shingles and rests on a continuous
concrete block foundation. The façade (north elevation) is protected from the elements by a three-bay porch
covered with a front gable roof supported by wood posts set on a concrete block pier foundation. There is
an exterior concrete block chimney on the west wall. The windows are 1-over-1 double-hung sash
independently placed with fixed louvered shutters. There is one modern shed behind the house surfaced
in wood siding with a gable and shed roof clad in standing seam sheet metal.
Figure 67 Dwelling at 1058 Woods Mill Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
southeast
The residences on this property are typical of vernacular front-gable dwellings built throughout the state.
All of them have modern alterations, such as modern windows and replacement siding, that have impacted
their architectural integrity to the extent that they do not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited
historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people so the
property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under
Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023), this property would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
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7.3.16 1108 Woods Mill Road
Address: 1108 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5369
Tax Parcel: 8009171
Type: Garage
Date: 1969
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The garage located at 1108 Woods Mill Road (034-5369; Figure 68) was constructed in 1969. Although on
a separate 0.37-acre parcel, this building seems to be associated with the residence at 1110 Woods Mill
Road (034-5368) and is on the south side of the road. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Resting on a continuous concrete block foundation, the garage is a
concrete block building with a front gable roof that is covered in corrugated metal. A concrete block exterior
chimney is present on the south elevation (rear). There is board and batten wood siding in the gable end.
The façade (north elevation) features a wood sliding garage door. The windows are 3-light metal awning
and 6-light metal pivot windows independently placed. The west elevation includes a 1-light, 3-panel wood
pedestrian door.
Typical of vernacular masonry garages found throughout the state, this resource does not appear NRHP
eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance
associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the
district.
Figure 68 Garage at 1108 Woods Mill Road, northwest and northeast elevations, looking
south
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7.3.17 1102 Woods Mill Road
Address: 1102 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5370
Tax Parcel: 8009170
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1966
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 1102 Woods Mill Road (034-5370; Figure 69) is a Ranch style dwelling constructed
in 1966 on a 0.46-acre parcel on the south side of the road. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The dwelling is clad in a brick veneer on the north elevation and vinyl
siding on all other elevations. The side gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles and features an interior
brick chimney on the south roof slope. The dwelling rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The
main entry on the façade (north elevation) is a 4-panel fiberglass door with a fanlight accessed by a modern,
small wood frame deck. The windows are 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash independently placed and flanked
by fixed louvered shutters. There is a large one-light picture window flanked by horizontally configured 2-
over-2 double-hung sash wood windows to the right of the entrance. There is a wood frame shed with a
gambrel roof in the rear yard.
This residence is typical of Ranch style houses built throughout the state. Alterations, such as replacement
windows, have impacted its architectural integrity. As a result, the home does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated
with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 69 Dwelling at 1102 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southwest
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7.3.18 Harold Conner House
Address: 1010 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-1115
Tax Parcel: 8015828
Type: Farm
Date: 1887
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 1010 Woods Mill Road (034-1115; Figures 70 and 71) is an I-House exhibiting
the Central Hallway-form constructed ca. 1887. This property is within the Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District (034-5023). The building was not included on the Frederick County Atlas published by D.J.
Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885). No additional historical information was discovered
concerning this property. This dwelling rests on an 11-acre property on the southeast side of Woods Mill
Road and appears to be used for small-scale agricultural purposes in addition to its residential use. Resting
on a stone foundation, the two-story dwelling is clad in metal siding, and the side gable roof is covered in
standing seam metal. There is a one-story concrete block addition on the southwest elevation and a one-
story frame addition on the southeast (rear) elevation. The front entrance is protected from the elements by
a three-bay porch with a hipped roof covered in asphalt shingles and supported by wood posts. The
windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash flanked by fixed shutters. There is an exterior concrete block
chimney on the southwest elevation, in between the main portion of the dwelling and the concrete block
addition.
This dwelling has twelve outbuildings: one garage, a smokehouse, two workshops, four sheds, one pump
house, one barn, one modular home, and one equipment shed (Figures 72 and 73). The garage is located
directly southeast of the dwelling. It is clad in metal siding and rests on a concrete block foundation. The
front gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The windows are 3-over-1 and 6-over-6 wood, double hung
sash. A wood frame smokehouse, likely built prior to 1920, is behind the house to the east. The two
workshops are frame buildings, clad in wood siding. The four sheds are frame buildings, clad in vinyl siding.
The pump house is clad in wood siding with a shed roof covered in asphalt shingles. The medium barn is
a concrete block building built ca. 1980 with a front gable roof covered in corrugated metal. The modular
home is clad in metal siding. The equipment shed is a frame building with two-bays.
Typical of I-Houses built throughout the state, this residence has been adversely impacted by non-historic
and unsympathetic additions and the installation of modern windows and siding. Thus, it does not appear
NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any
significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing
resource to the district.
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Figure 70 Dwelling at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast
Figure 71 Dwelling at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade and southwest, looking east
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Figure 72 Dwelling and outbuildings at 1010 Woods Mill Road, looking southwest
Figure 73 Outbuildings at 1010 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast
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7.3.19 976 Woods Mill Road
Address: 976 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5371
Tax Parcel: 8015829
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: ca. 1925
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 976 Woods Mill Road (034-5371; Figure 74) is a Bungalow-type dwelling
constructed ca. 1925. Although the Frederick County Commissioner of the Revenue’s website indicates
that this residence was built in 1961, it is evident on the 1938 USGS Winchester quadrangle and is more
typical of 1920s era design. This property is within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-
5023). This Bungalow rests on a six-acre residential property on the southeast side of Woods Mill Road.
The dwelling is clad in metal siding and the side gable roof is covered in standing seam metal with a clipped
gable dormer on the northwestern roof slope. The building rests on a tall concrete block foundation wall
with a full basement. The full width front porch has a shed roof supported by turned wood posts and railings.
The windows are 1-over-1 double hung vinyl and vinyl casement. There is an exterior brick chimney on the
southwest elevation. There are three frame sheds on the property.
Typical of Bungalow-type dwellings built throughout the state, this residence has undergone modern
alterations, such as a replacement windows, that have impacted its architectural integrity. Therefore, the
home does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does
not indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of
significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a
contributing resource to the district.
Figure 74 Dwelling at 976 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking south
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7.3.20 936 Woods Mill Road
Address: 936 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5372
Tax Parcel: 8015487
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 936 Woods Mill Road (034-5372; Figure 75) is a Minimal Traditional style dwelling
constructed on a one-acre parcel on the southeast side of the road in 1956. This property is within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Constructed of concrete block with wood siding
within the gable end, the building has a side gable roof covered in standing seam metal and rests on a
continuous concrete block foundation. The entrance is accessed by a small, uncovered, poured concrete
stoop. There is a one-story addition on the south elevation surfaced in vinyl siding and topped by a gable
roof clad in standing seam sheet metal. The windows are 1-over-1 double hung vinyl independently placed.
There is a frame shed on the property.
This modest Minimal Traditional style dwelling is typical of post-World War II architecture built throughout
the state and has endured alterations such as replacement windows which have impacted its architectural
integrity. As a result, the residence does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical
research available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear
NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed
outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it
would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 75 Dwelling at 936 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east
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7.3.21 906 Woods Mill Road
Address: 906 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5376
Tax Parcel: 8015484
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1946
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The 1946 Minimal Traditional style residence located at 906 Woods Mill Road (034-5376; Figure 76) rests
on a 1.10-acre parcel on the southeast side of the road. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Set a tall, continuous concrete block foundation wall with a walkout
basement on the southeast elevation, the dwelling is clad in vinyl siding and features a side gable roof
covered in asphalt shingles. The main entrance has a 3-panel, 6-light wood door set behind a storm door.
The entrance is protected from the elements by a small, one-bay open porch with a metal awning supported
by metal railings. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash and vinyl casement. There is a shed on
the property.
Alterations, such as replacement windows, have impacted the architectural integrity of this typical Minimal
Traditional style residence. Therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. With limited
historical significance evidenced in the available data in terms of associations with events or people, it does
not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-
5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 76 Dwelling at 906 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east
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7.3.22 896 Woods Mill Road
Address: 896 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5377
Tax Parcel: 8015483
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1951
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Built in 1951, the residence located at 896 Woods Mill Road (034-5377; Figure 77) is a Minimal Traditional
style dwelling situated on a one-acre property on the southeast side of the road. This property is within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Clad in vinyl siding, the building has a side gable
roof covered in asphalt shingles and a tall, continuous concrete block foundation wall. The main entry is a
paneled wood door with a fanlight set behind a metal screen door. This entry is accessed via an open one-
bay porch under a gable roof supported by metal posts on a poured concrete foundation. A secondary
entrance on the northeast side is protected from the elements by a metal awning and accessed via a small
stoop with metal railings. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash and vinyl fixed windows. There
are two sheds on the property.
Typical of Minimal Traditional style dwellings built throughout the state, this residence has undergone
changes, such as replacement siding and altered fenestration, that have impacted its integrity so that it
does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. With limited historical significance in terms of events or
people, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under
Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 77 Dwelling at 896 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking
southeast
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7.3.23 897 Woods Mill Road
Address: 897 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5378x
Tax Parcel: 8015827
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1966
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Situated on a 1.16-acre property on the northwest side of the road at 897 Woods Mill Road (034-5378;
Figure 78), this Ranch style dwelling was constructed in 1966. This property is within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Clad in aluminum siding, the house has a side gable roof
covered in asphalt shingles and rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The entrance is protected
by a two-bay porch with a front gable roof supported by metal posts. There is an interior brick chimney on
the west roof slope. The windows are 8-over-8 vinyl single-hung sash and vinyl casement flanked by fixed
shutters. There is an attached carport on the south elevation. There is a frame shed on the property.
Extensive alterations such as replacement siding and windows have impacted the architectural integrity of
this typical Ranch style dwelling. Consequently, this property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion
C. With limited historical significance in terms of events or persons evidenced in the available data, this
residence does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under
Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 78 Dwelling at 897 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northwest
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7.3.24 886 Woods Mill Road
Address: 886 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5382
Tax Parcel: 8015482
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1960
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Built in 1960, the residence located at 886 Woods Mill Road (034-5382; Figure 79) is a Ranch style dwelling
resting on a one-acre property on the southeast side of the road. This property is within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The house rests on a tall, continuous concrete block
foundation wall surfaced in a stone veneer. Topped by a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles, the
residence is clad in board and batten siding and stone veneer. The primary entrance is protected by an
open two-bay porch under a gable roof supported by turned wood posts. The oval light wood main entry
door is set behind a storm door. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash and fixed paired and
independently placed with fixed shutters. There is an attached two-car garage on the northeast elevation
and a second open porch on the southwest elevation under a gable roof.
The limited historical data available did not indicate any significant associations with events or persons
important to history. As a result, this property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. With a
common design and alterations having adversely impacted its integrity, this house does not appear NRHP
eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the
period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be
considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 79 Dwelling at 886 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east
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7.3.25 878 Woods Mill Road
Address: 878 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5373
Tax Parcel: 8015489
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1959
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Located at 878 Woods Mill Road (034-5373; Figure 80), this house is a Minimal Traditional style dwelling
constructed in 1959. Resting on a 1.2-acre parcel on the southeast side of the road, this property is within
the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Clad in stone veneer set in a random pattern,
this building has a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles with minimally overhanging eaves and an
interior brick chimney on the southern slope. The dwelling rests on a continuous concrete block foundation
wall clad in stone veneer. The main entrance has a 1-panel, rounded top light door set behind a storm door
accessed by a small, poured concrete stoop with vinyl railings. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl, single-hung
sash placed in a paired, ribbon, and independent pattern flanked by faux shutters. There is a one-car garage
directly southeast of the dwelling and two sheds on the property.
The limited information available indicated a lack of historical significance in terms of persons or events.
Therefore, this property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Typical of Minimal Traditional
style dwellings throughout the state with modern alterations such as replacement windows, this building
does not appear significant for its design under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion
D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District
(034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 80 Dwelling at 878 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast elevation, looking east
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7.3.26 870 Woods Mill Road
Address: 870 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5374
Tax Parcel: 8015481
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1951
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Set on a 1.25-acre property on the southeast side of the road, the residence located at 870 Woods Mill
Road (034-5374; Figure 81) is a Ranch style dwelling constructed in 1951. This property is within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The house is clad with vinyl siding set under a
side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles and rests on a concrete block foundation. The main entry is a
3-light paneled door set behind a storm door. The entrance is protected by a two-bay porch topped by a
front gable roof with vinyl siding in the gable end and supported by fiberglass columns. The windows are 1-
over-1 vinyl single-hung sash independently placed and flanking one-light fixed creating a picture window
with fixed shutters to each side.
This house does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B as it exhibits limited historical significance
in terms of associations with important events or persons. Typical of early examples of the style, this house
has undergone modern alterations impacting its integrity. As a result, it does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of
significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a
contributing resource to the district.
Figure 81 Dwelling at 870 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east
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7.3.27 840 Woods Mill Road
Address: 840 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5375
Tax Parcel: 8015479
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1935
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Resting on a one-acre property on the southeast side of the road, this residence located at 840 Woods Mill
Road (034-5375; Figure 82) is a vernacular wood frame dwelling constructed in 1935. This property is within
the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The house is clad in vinyl siding and the side
gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The entrance is protected by an open porch under a low-pitched
shed roof supported by wood posts. There is an interior parged brick chimney on the ridge line and an
exterior brick chimney on the south elevation. The windows are 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash
independently placed. A large one-story addition with a gable roof wraps around the original structure on
the side and rear elevations.
The original form and footprint of this modest wood frame vernacular house have been greatly modified by
a large addition. Other alterations, including replacement windows and vinyl siding, have adversely
impacted its architectural integrity. Consequently, the building does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with
events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 82 Dwelling at 840 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking east
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7.3.28 830 Woods Mill Road
Address: 830 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5379
Tax Parcel: 8015477
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1960
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Located at 830 Woods Mill Road (034-5379; Figure 83), this residence is a Ranch style dwelling constructed
on a 1.06-acre property on the southeast side of the road in 1960. This property is within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Clad in brick veneer, the house has a side gable roof
covered in asphalt shingles pierced by an interior brick chimney. The dwelling rests on a continuous
concrete block foundation wall with a walk out basement on the south elevation. The entrance is protected
by a small, one-bay porch covered by a front gable roof, with vinyl siding in the gable end, and supported
by vinyl columns. The windows are 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash paired and placed independently and
three-light awning paired. There is a detached, two-car garage directly south of the dwelling.
This residence is a typical example of Ranch style dwellings built throughout the state. Alterations, such as
replacement windows, have impacted its architectural integrity. As a result, the house does not appear
NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical data available does not indicate any significance
associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the
district.
Figure 83 Dwelling at 830 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southeast
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7.3.29 758 Woods Mill Road
Address: 758 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5380
Tax Parcel: 8015473
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1952
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Constructed in 1952, the residence located at 758 Woods Mill Road (034-5380; Figure 84) is a Minimal
Traditional style dwelling situated on a one-acre property within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023). Located on the southeast side of the road, the dwelling is clad in vinyl siding and rests
on a continuous concrete block foundation. The cross-gable roof covered in asphalt shingles is pierced by
a large, interior chimney clad in stone veneer set along the ridgeline. The main entry has a paneled
fiberglass door with a fanlight. Windows are 4-over-4 vinyl, single-hung vinyl sash independently placed
and flanking a one-light fixed picture window. Decorative elements included fixed louvered shutters and
minimally overhanging eaves.
Although a good example of this style, alterations, such as replacement siding and windows, have adversely
impacted the integrity of this residence. Therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C for
its design. With the limited information available indicating a lack of historical significance in terms of
important events or persons, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B either. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the
district.
Figure 84 Dwelling at 758 Woods Mill Road, façade and northeast, looking southeast
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7.3.30 748 Woods Mill Road
Address: 748 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5381
Tax Parcel: 8015472
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1962
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Constructed in 1962 on a one-acre parcel at 748 Woods Mill Road (034-5381; Figure 85), this residence is
a Ranch style dwelling situated within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023).
Located on the southeast side of the road, the house has a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles with
the west slope pierced by an interior parged chimney. The one-story rectangular dwelling clad in brick
veneer rests on a concrete slab foundation. The façade (west elevation) has a paneled fiberglass door set
within an entry porch with a flat roof supported by wood posts. The windows are paired 1-over-1 vinyl,
single-hung sash paired and placed independently flanking a one-light fixed picture window. Decorative
accents include fixed louvered shutters around the windows. There is an integrated two-car carport on the
south elevation with a concrete block addition extending east from the carport. A small shed is situated
behind the residence.
The limited historical data available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people so
it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Typical of Ranch style dwellings built throughout
the state with modern alterations, such as replacement windows, the house does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of
significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a
contributing resource to the district.
Figure 85 Dwelling at 748 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northeast
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7.3.31 527 Woods Mill Road
Address: 527 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5383
Tax Parcel: 8015817
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1969
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located on a five-acre property at 527 Woods Mill Road (034-5383; Figure 86) is a Ranch
style dwelling constructed in 1969. Situated on the west side of the road, this property is within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). Clad in vinyl siding, the house has a side gable roof
covered in asphalt shingles and rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The main entry is a 9-
light, 2-panel fiberglass door and is accessed by a front porch with a shed roof supported by wood posts
set on brick bases. There is an exterior brick chimney on the north elevation. The windows are 4-over-4
and 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash set independently and flanking a 12-light picture window to the right of
the front entrance. There is a detached two-car garage directly west of the dwelling.
This residence is a common example of the early Ranch style dwellings built throughout the state. It has
modern alterations, such as a replacement windows, which have impacted its architectural integrity so that
it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not
indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of
significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a
contributing resource to the district.
Figure 86 Dwelling at 527 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking west
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7.3.32 Jenkins-Dehaven House
Address: 417 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-1116
Tax Parcel: 8015806
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1890
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Non-contributing
Description:
Situated on a 1.11-acre property on the west side of the road, the residence located at 417 Woods Mill
Road (034-1116; Figure 87 and Figure 88) is a vernacular I-House constructed ca. 1890. This property is
within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The building was not included on the
Frederick County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885). No additional
information was discovered concerning this property. Although likely used as a farm historically, the
property appears to be used only for residential purposes now. This two-story dwelling is clad in asbestos
shingle siding, while the cross-gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The dwelling rests on a continuous
masonry foundation. The side-passage plan is evidenced in the off-center placement of the primary
entrance which has a 1-light wood door set beneath a 1-light transom. The entrance is set within a three-
bay porch covered in a flat roof supported by wood Tuscan columns. There is an interior brick chimney on
the ridge line of the rear wing. Most windows are 1-over-1 vinyl, single-hung sash, but a decorative diamond-
shaped fixed wood window accents the front gable. There are several additions to the south side of the rear
gabled ell as well as a one-story sunroom addition on the north elevation. A ca. 1990 detached two-car
garage (Figure 89) is northwest of the dwelling. It has a gable roof, a concrete slab foundation, T1-11 siding,
and a side addition for storage of a golf cart.
This residence is typical of an 1890 vernacular I-House built throughout the state. Modern alterations, such
as replacement windows and siding and rear additions, have impacted its architectural integrity so that it
does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. The
limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people
so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Constructed outside of the period of significance
for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing
resource to the district.
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Figure 87 Dwelling at 417 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking northwest
Figure 88 Dwelling at 417 Woods Mill Road, south and east (rear), looking northeast
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Figure 89 Garage at 417 Woods Mill Road, south elevation, looking north
7.3.33 Jenkins House
Address: 359 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-1118
Tax Parcel: 8015805
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1954
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The Ranch style residence located on the west side of the road at 359 Woods Mill Road (034-1118; Figure
90) was constructed in 1954. Set on a 6.18-acre property, this resource is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The dwelling is clad in brick veneer with metal siding within the gable
end. The side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles has an interior brick slab chimney and a cupola along
the ridge line. There is a front gable, one-story addition surfaced with metal siding at the north end of the
façade (east elevation). The dwelling rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The inset entrance
is set within a small, one-bay porch in which the central portion of the side gable roof extends further forward
and is supported by wood posts set on a poured concrete foundation. The windows are horizontally
configured 2-over-2 wood, double-hung sash set independently and flanking a 1-light fixed picture window.
Decorative elements include fixed louvered shutters. There is a detached combination workshop and one-
car garage just southwest of the dwelling. It has a side-gable roof surfaced with asphalt shingles, aluminum
siding, and 1-over-1 single-hung sash vinyl windows.
Alterations, including an addition, to this typical Ranch style dwelling have diminished its architectural
integrity so that it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. With limited historical significance in
terms of events or people evidenced in the available data, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria
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A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance
for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing
resource to the district.
Figure 90 Dwelling at 359 Woods Mill Road, façade and south elevation, looking northwest
7.3.34 349 Woods Mill Road
Address: 349 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-5384
Tax Parcel: 8015804
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1957
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Constructed in 1957, the residence located at 349 Woods Mill Road (034-5384; Figure 91) is a Ranch style
dwelling. This property rests on a 1.75-acre parcel on the west side of the road within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023). The dwelling is clad in wood shingle, clapboard, and
modern log replica siding. The side gable roof is covered in standing seam metal with an interior brick slab
chimney on the ridge line and an end exterior brick chimney on the south elevation. The dwelling rests on
a continuous concrete block foundation. The primary entrance, which has a wood door set behind a storm
door, is set within an open porch with a shed roof supported by square wood posts. The windows are 1-
over-1 vinyl single-hung sash flanked by fixed louvered shutters. A large 2-light fixed picture window flanked
by 1-over-1 vinyl, single-hung sash windows is to the right of the front entrance. The property also includes
a large, detached gable roof two-car garage with a carport addition to the south of the residence.
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Alterations, including replacement siding and windows, have impacted the integrity of this Ranch style
house. Consequently, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible
under Criterion D. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated
with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Constructed outside of the
period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023), it would not be
considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 91 Dwelling at 349 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking west
7.3.35 Patrick McTeirnan House/Thomas McTeirnan House
Address: 223 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-1156
Tax Parcel: 8036451
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: ca. 1925
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 223 Woods Mill Road (034-1156; Figure 92) is a Craftsman Bungalow constructed
ca. 1925. The property appears to have historically been associated with the larger mill property at 145
Woods Mill Road (034-1157), but is now on a separate parcel. It is within the Second Winchester Battlefield
Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester Historic District (034-
0456). According to a 1991 archaeological survey conducted by Clarence Geier and Warren Hofstra
through the James Madison University and Shenandoah University, the stone foundation of this building
was originally the foundation for the miller’s house associated with the Charles Wood Mill (VDHR, VCRIS
44FK0334). By 1935, the property appears to have been owned by Patrick and Phyllis McTiernan. Valued
at $10,000 in the 1940 census, the McTiernans lived on the property with their two sons, Patrick A. and
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Thomas, and three other family members. Patrick J. McTiernan acquired the house in 1993 and conveyed
it to Deborah McTiernan in 2018 (Frederick County Deed Book 810, Page 1735, Instrument 18 0000338;
Ancestry.com 2012).
This Bungalow rests on a two-acre property entirely set within a larger parcel (145 Woods Mill Road [034-
1157]) owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia, Board of Game and Inland Fisheries located on the
southwest corner of Woods Mill Road and Redbud Road. This residence appears to be abandoned. Clad
in aluminum siding, the one-story dwelling has a front gable roof covered in standing seam metal. There
are two interior brick chimneys on the north and south roof slopes. The primary entrance has a 9-light, 3-
panel wood door set within a three-bay, Craftsman-style porch covered by a hipped roof clad with standing
seam metal and supported by battered wood posts set on brick piers. The porch rests on a brick pier
foundation infilled with lattice, while the main structure of the house has a stone foundation. The windows
are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash set independently and paired and flanked by fixed louvered shutters.
There is an attached wood deck on the northwest corner and a two-car garage on the rear (west) elevation.
A large, detached wood frame workshop clad with metal siding and set under a shed roof is west of the
dwelling.
Unsympathetic alterations, such as replacement windows and siding, have impacted the architectural
integrity of this typical Craftsman Bungalow to the extent that it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with
events or persons so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456),
it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 92 Dwelling at 223 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking southwest
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7.3.36 Redbud Farm/Wood House
Address: 145 Woods Mill Road
VCRIS: 034-1157
Tax Parcel: 8015803
Type: Mill Site and House
Date: ca. 1804
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Potentially eligible, Contributing
Description:
Constructed ca. 1804, this residence located at 145 Woods Mill Road (034-1157) consists of a two-story I-
House situated on the north side of Redbud Run with a heavy timber frame bank barn and several
outbuildings on the south bank of the waterway; a small bridge reflecting the original horseshoe-shaped
alignment of Woods Mill Road (now closed) connected the house to the mill and outbuildings on the south
side of Redbud Run. This property was the site of a grist mill, with the foundation of the mill and the mill
race still evident when surveyed in 1992 (Figure 93; VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147; Hofstra and Geier 1992:88-
89). This dwelling now rests on a 24.75-acre parcel owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia, Board of
Game and Inland Fisheries on the southwest corner of Redbud Road and Woods Mill Road. It is within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third
Battle of Winchester Historic District (034-0456). Originally surveyed in 1992, this property was described
as a log structure and identified as a potentially significant property that may have served as a miller’s
house owned by Charles Wood (Kalbian 1992:249). The house at 223 Woods Mill Road (034-1156) was
historically part of this property following its construction ca. 1925, but is now on a separate parcel.
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Figure 93 Site plan of Charles Wood’s Mill Complex (Hofstra and Geier 1992:Figure XIV-7)
Historic research undertaken as part of this survey revealed that this residence was the home and mill built
by Joseph Wood around 1804. A native of Chester County, Pennsylvania, Quaker Joseph Wood initially
purchased land and built a flour mill along Hogue Creek in Frederick County in 1783. In 1784, he married
Ann Parkins and acquired one of the mills owned by the Parkins’ family which he operated for several years.
In 1804, he purchased land on Redbud Run, approximately four miles northeast of Winchester. He built a
large grist mill and a house where he lived until his death ca. 1816. A map from 1809 illustrates the number
of grist mills, paper mills, sawmills, and taverns already located along Redbud Run by the early nineteenth
century (Figure 94). Upon Joseph’s death, the mill property and house passed to his son, Isaac. In 1817,
he married Maria Littler, a great-granddaughter of John Littler, who had received a land patent for 1,332
acres from the Governor and Council of the Colony of Virginia in 1735. Upon her father’s death in 1812,
she appears to have inherited additional lands along Redbud Run, enlarging Wood’s landholdings. Although
raised as a Quaker, Isaac married out of the membership and joined another church. Interestingly, his sons
would return to the Quaker membership (Joint Committee of Hopewell Friends 1936:169-70; Cartmell 1909:
482-83; Quarles 1999:166). In February 1818, Isaac Wood advertised for a miller for his mill on Redbud
Run in the local Winchester newspaper (Figure 95; Republican Constellation 1818; Winchester Gazette
1820).
Figure 94 Portion of map of Frederick County showing the grist mills, paper mills, sawmills,
and taverns along Red Bud Run in 1809 (Varle and Jones 1809).
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Figure 95 Isaac Wood’s 1818 advertisement for a miller (Republican Constellation 1818)
In addition to the lands along Redbud Run that Isaac inherited, he started acquiring the landholdings from
the heirs of James Carter, an estate initially settled by Joseph Carter in 1743. At James Carter’s death in
1798, he conveyed his main dwelling, Spout Spring, and the associated grist mill on Abraham’s Creek to
his son, Joseph. By 1836, Isaac Wood had purchased the Carter homestead, Spout Spring, and grist mill,
which was on the south side of the Berryville Pike along Opequon Creek (Cartmell 1909: 482-83; Quarles
1999:275-76).
By 1850 at age 60, Isaac Wood was listed as a miller owning $40,000 worth of property as well as three
enslaved people. He held 375 acres of land on which were located grist mills and a sawmill. Both his son,
Daniel, who was listed as a miller, and miller Samuel Cochran were included in his household. Upon Isaac’s
death in 1855, his estate was subdivided among his four sons: Charles Littler Wood (b. 1819), Daniel T.
Wood (b. 1824), Robert Baldwin Wood (b. 1831), and Thomas Barnett Wood (b. 1839). At the time, Isaac’s
personal estate was appraised at $109,074, while his real estate was valued at $64,682. The
commissioners appointed to divide the real estate deeded Spout Spring to Daniel, who renamed it Millbank,
while this family homestead and mill property along Redbud Run was given to Isaac’s eldest son, Charles
(Cartmell 1909: 482-83; Ancestry.com 2004a, 2009a, 2010a; Quarles 1999:275-276).
Charles Wood had married Rebecca Birdsall in 1847, and the couple had lived in Winchester where Charles
was a merchant in his father’s mercantile partnership with Michael Danner; upon his father’s retirement in
1845, Charles took over his father’s share of the partnership. His wife died in 1854, followed by his father,
Isaac, in 1855. Upon gaining his inheritance, census records indicate that he moved to Redbud Farm to
run the mill. The adjacent road which curved in front of the house and the mill and connected the Berryville
Pike to Jordan White Sulfur Springs was known as Woods Mill Road by 1857 (Winchester Republican
1857). Charles married Mary C. Rector in 1857. In 1860, Charles was listed in the census as a farmer and
miller who owned $25,600 in real estate in addition to a personal estate of $18,775. He also owned four
enslaved persons including three children. His younger brother, Thomas B. Wood, lived with Charles and
his wife, while millers Lewis Smith and Franklin Ritter lived adjacent. Thomas, in partnership with Charles,
established a woolen mill upstream from the grist mill on the south side of Redbud Run. Built by contractor
Thomas Morgan in 1860, the mill became known as Morgan Mill for its builder, not for the original owners.
Thomas also built a contemporaneous Greek Revival style house (034-1065) for himself adjacent to the
woolen mill where he lived until his death in 1871. Two years after its construction, Charles conveyed his
interest in the woolen mill to his brother, Thomas. Charles, who “lost heavily during the [Civil] war,” allowed
part of the mill and farm property to be used as a field hospital during the fighting around Winchester (Norris
1890:776). A map from 1873 depicting the troop movements during the September 19, 1864 battle in
Winchester noted the location of C. Wood’s Mill as well as this residence (Figure 96). Also included on the
map was the woolen factory to the west of the mill, as well as the houses of wagoner Joseph Stump and F.
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Hoodel, who may have been Frederick Hottle, a miller living adjacent to Charles Wood according to the
1870 census (Norris 1890:776; Johnston 1990:36-38; Ancestry.com 2004a, 2004b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c,
2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2014a, 2014b; Find-a-grave.com, Mount Hebron Cemetery; Quarles 1999:275-276;
Johnston 1994; Gillespie 1873; Staunton Spectator and General Advertiser 1845, 1846). A second map
depicting the Winchester environs during the war was produced in 1875 and depicted both Wood’s Mill and
the woolen factory (Figure 97).
At one point during the early to mid-nineteenth century, the two mile stretch along Redbud Run from
Thomas Wood’s woolen mill to Opequon Creek counted as many as seven operating mills including two
woolen mills, a fulling mill, a grist mill, an oil mill, a sawmill, a tilt hammer or flax-breaking mill, and a paper
mill; the mills along the Opequon and Abrams Creeks combined the same number of mills extended across
a distance of 15 miles and represented less diversification with only grist mills, a sawmill, and woolen mills.
Both Wood’s woolen mill and grist mill “piggy-backed” the mill races to allow the tail race of one to dump
directly into the head race of the next mill downstream allowing the millers to take advantage of additional
water velocity. This allowed these two mills as well as the others along Redbud Run to be closer in distance
to each other than the typical one mile separation between mills (Hofstra and Geier 1992:94-95).
Figure 96 Portion of map of the Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864. C. Wood’s Mill as
well as two residences, one occupied by F. Hoodel, were noted on the map on this
property (Gillespie 1873).
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Figure 97 Portion of map depicting Winchester and its environs during the Civil War with
Wood’s Mill noted on the map (Vorzet 1875).
After the damage caused by the Civil War, Charles built a new mill on the original site installing the most
up-to-date machinery and reportedly the largest water wheel in Virginia (Joint Committee of Hopewell
Friends 1936:170). In 1870, Charles and Mary Wood lived in Stonewall Township where the subject
property is located. He was listed as a miller owning $50,000 in real estate including a 500-acre farm and
having a personal estate valued at $20,000. In addition, several farm hands and millers were considered
part of their household and lived adjacent. Charles appears to have gone into business with one of these
millers, Lewis R. Smith, who had lived adjacent to the mill as early as 1850 as the company of Wood &
Smith produced wheat using a water wheel according to the manufacturing schedules of the 1870 census.
Following Charles’ death in 1878, his widow, Mary, continued to live on the property. The 1885 Frederick
County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. depicted the grist mill, the home of Mrs. M.C. Wood, the
surrounding houses, the woolen factory, and the estate of Thomas Wood (Figure 98; Lathrop and Dayton
1885). Historian J.E. Norris noted in his 1890 history that Charles Wood “was born and raised on the estate
owned by and on which his widow now resides.” Known as Redbud Farm, the property included 600 acres
“including a flouring mill known by the same name; also a woolen factory (Norris 1890:776). Amateur
photographer, Albert Bowen, who was a nephew of long-time owner Charles and Mary Wood,
photographed this house and referred to it as the Littler Home, likely in reference to Maria Littler Wood, in
1901 (Bowen 1901; Figure 99). Charles’ Wood’s widow, Mary C. Wood, continued to live on the property
until her death in 1905 (Ancestry.com 2004a, 2004b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2014a,
2014b; Find-a-grave.com, Mount Hebron Cemetery; Quarles 1999:275-276).
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Figure 98 The Mill and House site in the Red Bud area on the Frederick County Atlas
published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885)
Figure 99 1901 Photograph labeled as Littler Home on Red Bud Run (Bowen 1901. Albert
Bowen Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional Library).
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By 1935, the property was owned by Patrick and Phyllis McTiernan. Valued at $10,000 in the 1940 census,
the McTiernans lived on the property with their two sons and three other family members. They appear to
have built the Bungalow at 223 Woods Mill Road (034-1156) which is now on a separate two-acre parcel.
Rabbit Creek, LP acquired this property in 2002 and conveyed it to the Virginia Board of Game and Inland
Fisheries in 2004 (Frederick County Deed Book 94, Page 178, Instrument 04 0026714; Ancestry.com
2012).
This log structure, now clad in Insulbrick, appears to have originally been a three-bay wide I-House with
exterior brick chimneys at each end and a central hallway interior plan (Figure 100). An additional two bays
were later added to the west end of the house making one of the chimneys an interior one. Now abandoned,
the two-story dwelling rests on a coursed stone foundation, while the side gable roof is covered in asphalt
shingles. The front entrance is protected from the elements by five-bay porch with a hipped roof covered in
standing seam metal. Although covered with vegetation, the square Doric column porch supports with the
three rail balustrade and handrail remain evident. While most of the windows are missing, the few windows
that remain relatively intact are 6-over-6 wood, double-hung sash. Photographs from the 1992 survey show
the original design behind the vegetation, which remains relatively unchanged from the 1901 photograph
(Figure 99 and Figure 101).
At the time of the current survey, several outbuildings were evident including a Corn Crib and a
Pennsylvania Bank Barn, the most prominent form of barn in the county built through the nineteenth century
(Kalbian 1992:122). In ruins, the Corn Crib is clad in vertical wood siding and features a front gable roof
covered in standing seam metal (Figure 102). The Pennsylvania Bank Barn is built of heavy timber frame
clad in vertical wood siding set on a brick and stone foundation (Figure 103). It incorporates an enclosed
granary. The front gable roof is covered in standing seam metal, while wooden louvers provide ventilation
on the sides of the building. A photograph from the 1992 survey provides a view prior to the overgrowth of
vegetation (Figure 104). There is also a small, wood bridge, now closed, directly south of the dwelling which
served as the original horseshoe-shaped alignment of Woods Mill Road (Figure 105). When surveyed in
1992, a privy was also present. An archaeological survey conducted by Clarence Geier and Warren Hofstra
in 1991 through James Madison University and Shenandoah University noted the following regarding the
mill site:
A horseshoe bend of Route 660 served as the original access road to the mill, fording the
creek just east of the mill structure. On the S side of Redbud Run, E of the mill and N of
the road, are a pair of wood frame barns, the easternmost having a foundation of
handmade brick and limestone suggesting that it dates to the period of mill operation. The
westernmost barn appears to be of 20th century age. The foundation of the mill is presently
used to support a badly dilapidated 20th century wood frame chickenhouse/livestock barn.
The wheel well stood at the west end of the structure and is still in place though somewhat
backfilled.
The headrace for the mill originates just below the Thomas Wood Mill W and N of
the site. It is deeply excavated into the shale slopes S of Redbud Run and stands at the
550 foot contour interval. The race enters the wheel well from the S side; a short tale race
then carrying the water in return to Redbud Run. One, and possibly two, deeply incut roads,
one passing to the site from the Winchester area, enter the Redbud valley W and S of the
mill joining Route 660 immediately E of the mill. The miller’s house stood across Redbud
Run at the W end of the site, roughly 400 feet W and N of the mill. The superstructure of
this building has been removed, though the foundation has been reused to support a house
constructed in 1920 and occupied by Pat McTiernen [223 Woods Mill Road (034-1156)].
The house is a ½ story gable front house with two internal chimney flues, a metal roof and
a one story three bay front porch with balustered columns.
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Directly across the Redbud ford from the mill stands a 19th century structure
attributed to F. Hoodel on Gillespie’s map of 1873 and to Mrs. C.W. Wood in Lakes Atlas
of 1885. This structure is two story with a gable-end chimney on the N, and a second more
centrally placed interior chimney. The front is five bay and is fronted by a single story porch.
The N two bays of the feature may be an addition. The structure stands on a platform
landscaped into the shale bedrock that defines the N side of Redbud Run (VDHR, VCRIS
44FK0334; Hofstra and Geier 1992).
Additional outbuildings may be extant but are now obscured by vegetation.
Although covered with vegetation and in disrepair, this house and property may be eligible under Criterion
A under Commerce as a former mill site and a related residential agricultural complex indicative of the
development of Frederick County and under Criterion C as an early log I-House. The historical information
available indicates limited significance associated with people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criterion B. Although no archaeological survey was conducted on this property as it is situated outside of
the construction footprint for this project, the archaeological survey conducted along Redbud Run by Hofstra
and Geier in 1992 indicated a number of mill sites exhibiting innovations in engineering and a wide diversity
of uses which may further support significance in terms of Commerce and Settlement indicating that it may
be eligible under Criterion D (Hofstra and Geier 1992:94-95). According to their report, “Redbud Run
became a center for the milling industry in early Frederick County and the sites along it deserve serious
consideration for National Register nomination. Among these sites a variety of industrial structures and
earthworks are represented including mills, mill support structures, head and tail races, holding ponds, and
miller’s houses with their own unique combination of outbuildings” (Hofstra and Geier 1992:166).
Constructed prior to the Civil War, this property may contribute to the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456).
Figure 100 Redbud Farm/ Wood House at 145 Woods Mill Road, façade, looking north
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Figure 101 Redbud Farm/Wood House, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147)
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Figure 102 Corn Crib at 145 Woods Mill Road, west elevation, looking east
Figure 103 Pennsylvania Bank Barn at 145 Woods Mill Road, south elevation, looking
northeast
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Figure 104 Pennsylvania Bank Barn, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147)
Figure 105 Bridge at 145 Woods Mill Road, north elevation, looking southwest
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7.3.37 Red Bud United Brethren Church and Cemetery
Address: 1551 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-1147
Tax Parcel: 8034146
Type: Church, Cemetery
Date: 1882 (church), ca. 1876 (cemetery)
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Potentially Eligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The Red Bud United Brethren Church and Cemetery (034-1147; also known as Red Bud United Methodist
Church) is situated on a double bend on Red Bud Road. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester
(034-0456). According to a 1989 newspaper article on the rehabilitation of the building, the church was built
in 1882 by a congregation which started as a result of a revival near Jordan Springs in 1875. The facility is
noted on the 1885 Frederick County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Figure 106; Lathrop and
Dayton 1885). Although never a large congregation (Figure 107), the membership was faithful until only a
few members remained when it closed for services ca. 1967. Care for the building and cemetery passed to
the Mount Pleasant United Methodist Church of Gerrardstown, West Virginia. In 1983, the rear wall of the
church was damaged by fire but neighbors managed to save the remainder of the church. In February 1989,
the Shenandoah Club, a group for people recovering from addictions, leased the building and repaired the
back wall. (Linda McCarty, “Red Bud Church, Closed and Damaged by Fire, is Getting a Facelift,” The
Winchester Star, 22 November 1989 in VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147).
Figure 106 Red Bud United Bretheren Church and the Red Bud area on Frederick County Atlas
published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 (Lathrop and Dayton 1885)
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Figure 107 Red Bud Church Homecoming, 1934 (Unknown photographer, James L. Prince
Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional Library)
Facing east onto Redbud Road, the Red Bud United Brethren Church (Figure 108) is a one-and-a-half story
rectangular building clad in the original wood weatherboard siding set on a continuous stone foundation.
The front gable roof is covered in standing seam metal. Two bays wide by three bays long, the church had
two separate entrances for women and men on the front façade. These mirrioring two front entrance doors
are set below one-light transoms protected from the elements by a slightly overhanging gable. The entrance
stairs were replaced ca. 1960 with poured concrete and metal handrails. The windows are 4-over-4 wood,
double-hung sash that rest on wood sills. Notable decorative features include wood dentil detailing and
wide friezeboards at the cornice line, cornice returns, corner boards, and an interior brick chimney (VDHR,
VCRIS 034-1147).
The Red Bud United Brethren Cemetery (Figure 109) is located directly east and north of the church. With
approximately 112 graves, the Red Bud United Brethren Cemetery is in average condition and still in use.
Materials include granite, limestone, and concrete with some broken or fallen markers. Iconography focuses
on Christian traditions including shaking hands, crosses, a crown, and doves. Most are simple, rounded,
pointed, or square topped markers some with apparently hand carved names, but a few mass produced
pedestal and obelisks are present. According to the 1992 survey, the oldest marker dates to 1876 with the
family names represented including Dunn, Johnson, Gurber, Kline, Keller, and Strickler. The oldest portion
of the cemetery situated directly behind the Red Bud United Brethren Church, has approximately 10
gravestones bounded by a cast iron fence. All of these gravestones are for the Dunn family and the oldest
dates back to 1881 (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1147; Find-a-grave.com, Redbud United Methodist Church
Cemetery).
Although churches and cemeteries are typically not eligible for NRHP listing, this rural church and cemetery
appears to meet Criteria Consideration A and C due to its architectural design. Together, the pair retain
excellent integrity exhibiting early church and cemetery design in a rural area during the Reconstruction
period. For the church, the separate entrances, wood frame construction, and intact wood windows and
detailing are indicative of the early design. The cemetery features hand carved markers and some original
fencing marking the family plots. The limited historical information available does not indicate any
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significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of
Winchester (034-0456), neither the church nor the cemetery would be considered contributing to the
districts.
Figure 108 Red Bud United Brethren Church at 1551 Redbud Road, façade and south
elevation, looking northeast
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Figure 109 Red Bud United Brethren Cemetery at 1551 Redbud Road, looking northeast
7.3.38 1506 Redbud Road
Address: 1506 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5385
Tax Parcel: 8015810
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1947
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located on a 4.33-acre parcel at 1506 Redbud Road (034-5385; Figure 110) is a wood frame
vernacular dwelling constructed in 1947. This property is within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023) and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). The most
notable feature of this house is the front-facing gambrel roof covered in standing seam metal siding. The
one-and-a-half-story house is clad in vinyl siding and rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The
front entrance is a 3-light, 3-panel wood door set behind a metal screen door. The entry is protected from
the elements by a small open porch set under a shed roof clad in asphalt shingles supported by fiberglass
posts. Windows on the home are 2-over-2 wood double-hung sash and 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash
independently placed and flanked by fixed louvered shutters.
This residence is typical of vernacular residences built throughout the state and modern alterations, such
as replacement windows, have impacted its architectural integrity. Consequently, the building does not
appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any
significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
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the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of
Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the districts.
Figure 110 Dwelling at 1506 Redbud Road, façade and north elevation, looking east
7.3.39 1501 Redbud Road
Address: 1501 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5386
Tax Parcel: 8015808
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 1501 Redbud Road (034-5386; Figure 111) is a Ranch-style dwelling constructed
on a 3.51-acre parcel in 1956. Situated on the east side of the road, this property is within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of
Winchester (034-0456). Surfaced with stucco, the dwelling has a side gable roof covered in asphalt shingles
pierced by an interior concrete block chimney on the north roof slope. The house rests on a continuous
foundation. The main entry is a 3-light slab wood door set behind a storm door which is set under a metal
awning supported by metal railings on a concrete block stoop. The windows are horizontally configured 2-
over-2 metal, single-hung sash independently placed and flanking a one-light fixed picture window. The
fenestration has been altered, and some windows appear to be enclosed. A full length enclosed shed porch
surfaced in vinyl siding is located on the rear (east) elevation.
Extensive alterations, such as replacement siding, altered fenestration, and replacement windows, have
adversely impacted this typical Ranch style residence’s architectural integrity. Therefore, the house does
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not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical data found did not indicate any
significance associated with events or persons, so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of
Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the districts.
Figure 111 Dwelling at 1501 Redbud Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north
7.3.40 1451 Redbud Road
Address: 1451 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5387
Tax Parcel: 8015812
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1930
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Not Eligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 1451 Redbud Road (034-5387; Figure 112) is a vernacular Bungalow dwelling
constructed in 1930. This property is within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023)
and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). This dwelling rests on a total
2.49 acres on the northeast side of Redbud Road. Clad in vinyl siding, this one-story home has a front gable
roof surfaced in asphalt shingles and rests on a concrete block foundation. The open wood frame porch is
covered by a hipped roof and supported by square wood posts. There is an interior brick chimney on the
east roof slope. The remaining original wood windows are 3-over-1 double hung sash while some have
been replaced with 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash windows. A single window is present in the gable end.
There is a detached one-car, garage adjacent to the southeast of the residence surfaced in vinyl siding and
topped by an asphalt shingle covered hip roof.
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The vinyl siding and replacement windows have diminished the integrity of this typical vernacular Bungalow
residence. Consequently, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited research
available does not indicate any historical significance in terms of events or persons so the property does
not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-
5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a
contributing resource to the districts.
Figure 112 Dwelling at 1451 Redbud Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north
7.3.41 Red Bud School
Address: 1420 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-1146
Tax Parcel: 8027581
Type: School
Date: 1950
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Now serving as a church, the former school located at 1420 Redbud Road (034-1146; Figure 113) exhibits
a Bungalow form constructed ca. 1950. Although the Frederick County Commissioner of the Revenue’s
website indicates that this building was built in 1986, aerials show that a building has been on the same
footprint since 1964 (NETR 1964) and the architectural design is more indicative of the mid-twentieth
century design. Although a school was present on this property at least as early as 1885, the late
construction date of this building makes it unclear if this structure ever served as the school or was built for
the church congregation. Historic photographs show that the current building is not the original school
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(Figure 114), and that the building was replaced after 1934. This property is within the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester
(034-0456).
Exhibiting the Bungalow form, this building is constructed of concrete block set on a continuous concrete
block foundation. The front gable roof is clad with composition shingles and features an inset gable likely
housing the entry vestibule before the sanctuary. Vinyl siding is in the gable ends. The primary entrance
has paired doors set within a gable roofed entry porch supported by fiberglass fluted Doric columns.
Windows are paired wood one-over-one double-hung sash and one-over-one metal single-hung sash. An
exterior concrete block chimney anchors the rear wall, while concrete block piers accent the side walls.
Figure 113 Red Bud School at 1420 Redbud Road, façade and northwest elevation, looking
south
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Figure 114 Red Bud School, 1934 (Unknown photographer, Frederick Co. VA School System
Collection, Courtesy Stewart Bell Jr. Archives, Handley Regional Library).
This building is typical of the Bungalow-form and is a late example of a modest, rural church. Alterations
such as some replacement siding and windows have impacted its architectural integrity indicating that it is
not eligible under Criterion C. Its late construction date and the limited historical information available does
not indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of
significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield,
Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the districts.
7.3.42 1347 Redbud Road
Address: 1347 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5388
Tax Parcel: 8015814
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 1347 Redbud Road (034-5388; Figure 115) is a Ranch style dwelling constructed
on a five-acre property on the northeast side of the road in 1956. This property is within the Opequon
Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). The dwelling is clad in brick veneer with vinyl siding within
the gable ends. The cross-gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles with an interior brick chimney on the
ridge line. Resting on a continuous concrete block foundation, the house has a front gable decorated with
a canted bay window. The entrance is protected within a cutaway porch supported by wrought-iron posts.
The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl single-hung sash set in a ribbon pattern and independently placed. The
home also features sky lights on the southern end of the building. There is an elevated wood frame deck
extending from the south elevation.
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Figure 115 Dwelling at 1347 Redbud Road, façade, looking east
This Ranch style residence is commonly found throughout the region and alterations, such as replacement
windows, have impacted its integrity. As a result, this house does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion
C. With limited historical significance evidenced in the available data in terms of events or persons, this
property does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B either. Buildings are typically not eligible
under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle
of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
7.3.43 1307 Redbud Road
Address: 1307 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5389
Tax Parcel: 8015715
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1966
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The Ranch style residence located at 1307 Redbud Road (034-5389; Figure 116) was constructed on a
five-acre parcel on the northeast side of the road in 1966. This property is within the Opequon Battlefield,
Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). The dwelling is clad in a brick veneer on the façade with vinyl siding
on all other elevations. The side gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles with wood dentil detailing in the
eaves. The dwelling rests on a continuous concrete block foundation and has an exterior brick chimney on
the south elevation. The entrance has a 1-light fiberglass door set behind a storm door accessed via a
wood frame ramp. The windows are 6-over-6 vinyl single-hung sash independently placed with a large
picture window of 1-light vinyl casement windows set in a ribbon pattern situated to the right of the entrance;
fixed louvered shutters flank the windows.
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Figure 116 Dwelling at 1307 Redbud Road, façade, looking east
The limited historical information available concerning this residence did not indicate any significance in
terms of historical events or persons. Therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Additionally, this is a common design found throughout the state and alterations have impacted its integrity.
Therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under
Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of
Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
7.3.44 328 Redbud Road
Address: 328 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-5390
Tax Parcel: 8015811
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Although the Frederick County Commissioner of the Revenue’s website provides an official address of 328
Redbud Road (034-5390; Figure 117) for this property, it is located on a 1.13-acre parcel on the east side
of Morgan Mill Road. It is a one-story Minimal Traditional style dwelling constructed in 1956. This property
is within the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and within the Opequon Battlefield,
Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). Clad in aluminum siding, this house has a side gable roof is covered
in asphalt shingles. The dwelling rests on a tall concrete block foundation wall with a full basement. The
primary entrance has a 1-light with rounded top, paneled wood door behind a storm door set under a gabled
entry stoop with a concrete block foundation bordered by metal railings. The windows are horizontally
configured 2-over-2 wood, double hung sash paired and independently placed. An enclosed shed roof
porch extends east from the rear elevation and is enveloped by an open deck. There is a wood frame shed
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on the property with a gambrel roof surfaced in asphalt shingles. East of the shed is a wood frame chicken
coop with a gable roof.
Figure 117 Dwelling at 328 Redbud Road, façade, looking east.
This Minimal Traditional style residence is commonly found during the post-World War II era throughout the
state. As a result, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical data available
does not indicate any significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period
of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon
Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the
districts.
7.3.45 185 Pine Road
Address: 185 Pine Road
VCRIS: 034-5391
Tax Parcel: 8015839
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1900
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
The residence located at 185 Pine Road (034-5391; Figure 118) is a wood frame vernacular dwelling
constructed in 1900. This dwelling rests on 128.99 acres on the north side of Pine Road. The property
seems to be used for agricultural purposes. The most notable feature of this house is the one-and-one-half-
story wood frame construction with a side gable roof and a front gabled dormer which breaks into the wall
plane. The house is clad in vinyl siding and rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The side-
gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles with an interior brick chimney on the ridge line. The primary
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entrance is set within a small one-bay entry stoop with a gable roof supported by wood posts. The windows
are 1-over-1 single-hung sash and vertically configured 2-over-2 double hung sash wood windows. There
is a one-story addition on the north elevation. There are three wood frame sheds on the property.
Figure 118 Dwelling at 185 Pine Road, façade and east elevation, looking northwest
Although of architectural interest, alterations such as the application of vinyl siding, some replacement
windows, a rear addition, and a replacement entry stoop, have adversely impacted the integrity of this
house. Thus, it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited research available does not
indicate any significance associated with historical events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
7.3.46 Redbud Cemetery
Address: North side of Pine Road
VCRIS: 034-1119
Tax Parcel: 8027542
Type: Cemetery
Date: ca. 1906
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
The Redbud Cemetery (034-1119, also previously recorded as archaeological site 44FK0888; Figure 119)
is located approximately 150 feet north of Pine Road. With about 15 gravestones, the Redbud Cemetery is
in poor condition. It does not appear to have been taken care of on a regular basis for some years. The
cemetery is located in an overgrown forested area that is very hard to access. The oldest gravestone found
dated to 1931, however, archival research indicates the cemetery dates back to the early 1900s and there
may be a number of unmarked graves. Find-a-grave.com indicates that this was an African American
cemetery (Find-a-grave.com, Redbud Cemetery).
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The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with people or
events so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. The loss of markers and overall design
indicates that it is not eligible under Criterion C. The information that the site could yield would likely be
minimal so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 119 Redbud Cemetery on North side of Pine Road, looking north
7.3.47 473 Pine Road
Address: 473 Pine Road
VCRIS: 034-5392
Tax Parcel: 8015838
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1940
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
Situated on a one-acre property on the northwest corner of Pine Road and Burnt Factory Road, the
residence located at 473 Pine Road (034-5392; Figure 120) is a vernacular dwelling constructed in 1940.
The dwelling is clad in a stone veneer in a random pattern on the first story and vinyl siding on the second
story. The side gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles, and there are circular louvered vents in the gable
ends. The dwelling rests on a concrete block foundation. The façade (west elevation) features a 6-panel
fiberglass main entry door flanked by 3-light sidelights with a plain lintel above. The entrance is protected
by a full span open shed roof porch clad in asphalt shingles and supported by wood posts on a wood floor.
Windows on the home include 1-over-1 single-hung sash vinyl set in a ribbon pattern and independently
placed. A pair of 6-light casement windows are present on the south elevation and a large nine-light, wood
picture window is present on the façade. All windows on the first story have plain lintels above the openings.
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There is a detached two-car garage northwest of the dwelling with a gable roof and similarly clad in stone
veneer at the base and vinyl siding above.
Alterations to this vernacular wood frame house, including replacement siding and windows, have adversely
impacted the architectural integrity of this property. As a result, it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with
events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 120 Dwelling at 473 Pine Road, façade and southeast elevation, looking north
7.3.48 183 Steepwood Lane
Address: 183 Steepwood Lane
VCRIS: 034-5394
Tax Parcel: 8015843
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1970
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 183 Steepwood Lane (034-5394; Figure 121) is a Ranch-type dwelling
constructed in 1970. This property is within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-
0456). This Ranch rests on a three-acre property on the north side of Steepwood Lane. The property is
completely residential and not used for agricultural purposes. The dwelling is clad in a brick veneer. The
side gable roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The dwelling rests on a concrete block foundation wall.
There is a detached one-car carport east of the dwelling.
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This residence is a typical of Ranch-type dwelling built throughout the state. It is does have modern
alterations, such as a modern roof covering, that have impacted its architectural integrity so that it does not
appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any
significance associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B.
Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing
resource to the district.
Figure 121 Dwelling at 183 Steepwood Lane, looking north
7.3.49 2663 Berryville Pike
Address: 2663 Berryville Pike
VCRIS: 034-5395
Tax Parcel: 8015850
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1962
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Located on a 3.30-acre parcel on the north side of the road at 2663 Berryville Pike (034-5395; Figure 122),
this residence is a vernacular dwelling constructed in 1962. This property is within the Opequon Battlefield,
Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). This one-and-a-half-story dwelling is clad in a brick veneer and
features a front gable roof covered in asphalt shingles. The dwelling rests on a concrete block foundation.
A small one-bay porch has a shed roof supported by fiberglass posts. There is an exterior brick chimney
on the west elevation. The windows are 1-over-1 vinyl, single-hung sash paired and independently placed
flanked by fixed louvered shutters. There is a one-car garage on the property.
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This residence is typical 1960s era vernacular construction built throughout the state. It is has alterations,
such as a replacement windows, that have impacted its architectural integrity. Therefore, the house does
not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. The limited
historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with events or people so it
does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Constructed outside of the period of significance for
the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing
resource to the district.
Figure 122 Dwelling at 2663 Berryville Road, façade, looking northwest
7.3.50 2621 Berryville Pike
Address: 2621 Berryville Pike
VCRIS: 034-5396
Tax Parcel: 8015849
Type: Mobile Home
Date: 1965
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence located at 2621 Berryville Pike (034-5396; Figure 123) is a mobile home constructed in 1965.
This property is within the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456). This dwelling rests
on a 10.69-acre parcel on the north side of Berryville Pike. The one-story, rectangular mobile home is clad
in metal siding. The original flat roof has a newer gable-roofed structure built over the building. The gable
roof is covered in asphalt shingles and extends to form a small entry porch supported by wood posts. The
windows are the original modular home metal windows, flanked by faux shutters and paired jalousie
windows are present on the east and west elevations. There is a modern, one-car garage on the property.
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This mobile home is typical of mid-century designs built throughout the state and alterations, such as the
replacement roof, have impacted its integrity. Consequently, it does not appear NRHP eligible under
Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with
events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Opequon Battlefield,
Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 123 Dwelling at 2621 Berryville Road, façade and north elevation, looking southwest
7.3.51 Hallam House
Address: 1586 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-0724
Tax Parcel: 8015965
Type: Farm
Date: 1840
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
The residence located at 1586 Jordan Springs Road (034-0724; Figure 124 and Figure 125) is a large I-
House with a Central Hallway plan constructed in 1840. The house at 1586 Jordan Springs Road was
shown on a map of the Battle of Winchester which occurred in 1864 as the home of J. Smith. The Frederick
County Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 noted two residences in the same general vicinity which
were owned by T. Hopewell or T. Locke, but no additional information was found concerning this property
(Lathrop and Dayton 1885; Gillespie 1873). This dwelling rests on a 54-acre parcel on the west side of
Jordan Springs Road. The dwelling has two modern additions on the north and south elevation. The house
is two stories, clad in wood siding, and features a side gable roof covered in standing seam metal. The
gable roof is pierced by an interior brick chimney on the east slope. The dwelling rests on a stone foundation
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wall. The front entrance is set within a modern three-bay porch with a hipped roof covered in standing seam
metal supported by wood posts. According to the homeowners, the one-story side additions were added by
the previous owner in the late-1980s. The windows are 6-over-6 wood double hung sash set independently.
The property has four outbuildings; a modern detached three-car garage, a modern workshop, a modern
garage, and a medium sized barn (Figure 126). The detached three-car garage is clad in wood siding and
the side gable roof is covered in standing seam metal. The modern workshop is clad in wood siding and
the side gable roof is covered in standing seam metal. The windows are 1-over-1 wood windows. The
modern garage is clad in wood siding, the front gable roof is covered in corrugated metal, and it rests on a
poured concrete foundation. The two-story barn is clad in vertical wood siding and the side gable roof is
covered in standing seam metal. The barn rests on a tall parged foundation wall. The windows are six-light
wood casement and two-light metal casement.
Figure 124 Dwelling at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking west
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Figure 125 Dwelling at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, façade, looking southwest
Figure 126 Barn at 1586 Jordan Springs Road, looking southeast
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Although this residence is of interest as an 1840s I-House with a Central Hallway plan, the side additions
from the late-1980s adversely impacted the original design. As a result, this house does not appear NRHP
eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance
associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D.
7.3.52 2444 Berryville Pike
Address: 2444 Berryville Pike
VCRIS: 034-5397
Tax Parcel: 8015800
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1926
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible, Noncontributing
Description:
Situated on a one-acre parcel at the southern terminus of Woods Mill Road on the south side of the
Berryville Pike, this residence located at 2444 Berryville Pike (034-5397; Figure 127) is a wood frame
vernacular dwelling constructed ca. 1926. It appears that this property may now be used for commercial
purposes. Set on a continuous concrete block foundation, the building is surfaced with vinyl siding and T1-
11 paneling. The oldest portion of the building has an intersecting gable roof clad with standing seam metal
while a ca. 1946 addition to the east has a gable roof covered with asphalt shingles pierced by an interior
concrete block chimney on the south slope. Windows are paired and independently placed 1-over-1 wood
double-hung sash. A modern metal fence has been attached to the east side of the house. Although the
Frederick County Commissioner of the Revenue indicates a construction date of 1946, USGS quadrangle
maps indicate that this house was on the property by 1938, and its style is indicative of 1920s era
construction. No additional historical information was discovered regarding this property.
Extensive alterations to this typical vernacular residence, including additions and replacement siding, have
destroyed the architectural integrity of this resource. As a result, this house does not appear NRHP eligible
under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated
with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are typically not
eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester
Battlefield Historic District (034-5023) and the Opequon Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456),
this property would not be considered contributing to the districts.
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Figure 127 Dwelling at 2444 Berryville Pike, north and west elevations, looking southeast
7.3.53 Robert D. Keckley House
Address: 1263 Redbud Road
VCRIS: 034-1144
Tax Parcel: 8015712
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1920
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
Originally surveyed in 1992, the Robert D. Keckley House located at 1263 Redbud Road (034-1144; Figure
128) is a one-story Bungalow built ca. 1920. Although the Frederick County Commissioner of the Revenue
indicates a construction date of 1951, USGS quadrangle maps indicate that this house was on the property
by 1938, and the design is typical of 1920s era construction. No additional historical information was
discovered regarding this property. This dwelling rests on a two-acre parcel on the northeast side of Redbud
Road. Clad with vinyl siding, the largely rectangular residence has a gable roof surfaced with standing seam
metal panels pierced by an interior brick chimney along the ridge of the roof. A front porch which was
originally open was enclosed ca. 2006 when the building was remodeled with replacement windows and
siding. A wood deck with simple wood posts and a lattice balustrade now provides access to the main
entrance. The foundation is a combination of brick, concrete block, and parged brick. Windows are a
combination of 6-over-6 and 4-over-4 wood double hung sash flanked by fixed louvered shutters. The main
entrance has a nine-light paneled door set behind a metal screened door with a cross buck design on the
bottom. Both the front enclosed porch and a rear addition have hipped roofs. A small shed and a one-story,
two-car detached garage, built in 2006, are behind (northeast) of the house. Like the house, the garage
(Figure 126) is clad with vinyl siding and features 1-over-1 single-hung sash windows resting on a concrete
block foundation. The roof takes a gable form and is surfaced with composition shingles.
Alterations to this simple bungalow, including the enclosure of the front porch and replacement siding and
windows, have adversely impacted the original design. As a result, this house does not appear NRHP
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eligible under Criterion C. The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance
associated with events or people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Opequon
Battlefield, Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the
district.
Figure 128 Dwelling at 1263 Redbud Road, façade, looking northeast
Figure 129 Garage at 1263 Redbud Road, west and south elevations, looking north
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7.3.54 1054 Jordan Springs Road
Address: 1054 Jordan Springs Road
VCRIS: 034-5398
Tax Parcel: 8009166
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Ineligible
Description:
The residence located at 1054 Jordan Springs Road (034-5398; Figure 130) is a small wood frame
vernacular house constructed in 1956. The house was first shown on a 1964 aerial and the 1965 USGS
quadrangle (NETR 1964, 1965). No additional historical information was discovered regarding this property.
This dwelling rests on a 1.33-acre parcel on the west side of Jordan Springs Road. This one-story residence
clad with hardiplank siding rests on a continuous concrete block foundation. The side-gable roof is surfaced
with composition shingles and has an interior brick chimney on the west roof slope. Windows are 1-over-1
single-hung sash vinyl replacement units flanked by paneled shutters. The primary entrance on the
northeast elevation has a 15-light French door set behind a screened door accessed by a concrete block
stoop. An addition or enclosed porch on the north has a gable roof and an entrance with a 9-light aluminum
door. A large addition with a shed roof is on the rear (southwest) elevation.
The limited historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with events or
people so it does not appear NRHP eligible under Criteria A or B. Alterations, including replacement siding
and windows as well as additions, have impacted the integrity of this simple vernacular building. As a result,
this house does not appear NRHP eligible under Criterion C. Buildings are typically not eligible under
Criterion D. Constructed outside of the period of significance for the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic
District (034-5023), it would not be considered a contributing resource to the district.
Figure 130 Dwelling at 1054 Jordan Springs Road, east and north elevations, looking
southwest
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7.3.55 J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills
Address: 302 High Banks Road
VCRIS: 034-1064
Tax Parcel: 8015963
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1800
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Unknown
Description:
The J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills located at 302 High Banks Road (034-1064) rests on
a 5-acre parcel on the south side of High Banks Road with Opequon Creek bordering the property on the
west. The structures on this property were not visible from the public right-of-way (Figure 131). As a result,
all of the building specific information and images in this description are from the prior survey and current
aerials; its current condition and integrity remain unknown.
Figure 131 View from right-of-way toward 302 High Banks Road, looking southeast
The two-story brick residence is associated with a grist mill constructed ca. 1800. The mill was shown on
an 1809 map of Frederick, Berkeley, and Jefferson counties by Charles Varle and Benjamin Jones (Figure
132; Varle and Jones 1809). The mill was also depicted on the map of the Third Battle of Winchester which
occurred in 1864 as the home and mill of J.E. Jackson (Gillespie 1873). The Frederick County Atlas
published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 noted the home and grist mill of Fenton Jackson (Lathrop and Dayton
1885). Both maps likely reference John Fenton Jackson, who was listed in the 1860 census as a farmer
living adjacent to Thomas Clevenger, the owner of High Banks at 423 High Banks Road (034-0109). At the
time, Jackson owned real estate valued at $6,000, while miller Romulus S. T. Rupell lived adjacent. John
Fenton Jackson was born in Frederick County in 1818 to Josiah and Rachel Fenton Jackson; he married
Mary Grimm in 1840 and one of their daughters, Ann Elizabeth, married neighboring High Banks owner,
Benjamin Franklin Clevenger, in 1871. In 1870, Jackson was listed in the census as a miller owning $10,000
in real estate. His grist mill used a water wheel that processed wheat, rye and corn. John Fenton Jackson
died in 1889. Although his widow appears to have continued to live on the property until her death in 1903,
the mill did not seem to still be in operation by 1900. Their grandson, Roy P. Duvall, appears to have
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inherited the farm following the death of his grandmother and mother (Ancestry.com 1999, 2004b, 2009b,
2009c, 2010a, 2013; Find-a-grave.com, Hopewell Friends Burial Ground).
Figure 132 Portion of map of Frederick County showing the John Clark mill and house in 1809
(Varle and Jones 1809)
The prior survey, conducted in 1991, noted that the house was “a fine Federal House” (Figure 133; VDHR,
VCRIS 034-1064). Although originally recorded as a ca. 1810 building, its inclusion io the Varle and Jones
(1809) map indicates an earlier construction date of possibly ca. 1800. The two-story brick structure
exhibited a Flemish bond brick pattern, a gable roof surfaced with composition shingles, and interior end
brick chimneys. The windows were primarily 6-over-6 wood double-hung sash flanked by louvered shutters,
while the primary entrance was situated within a one-story, three-bay wide wood porch. The main block of
the building was five bays wide by one bay deep with a two-story brick wing to the rear. Outbuildings on the
property included a wood frame bank barn, a large wood frame combination barn/garage/workshop, and
an arched roof brick shed in addition to evidence of the mill race south of the house. The archaeological
survey performed by Hofstra and Geier (1992:94) recorded the grist mill site (44FK435), but “the mill
remains could not be identified with certainty.” There was no evidence remaining of the mill race either.
This residence is of historical interest as an early 1800s Federal style house and mill property and may be
eligible under Criteria A and/or C for Exploration/Settlement or Architecture. However, the inability to
visually inspect this resource as part of this survey leaves the current condition and integrity of this property
in question. As a result, this house has an unknown eligibility status for listing in the NRHP at this time. The
limited research available did not indicate any association with significant persons so it does not appear
eligible under Criterion B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D.
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Figure 133 J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills in 1991 (Kalbian 1999:233)
7.3.56 High Banks
Address: 423 High Banks Road
VCRIS: 034-0109
Tax Parcel: 8015962, 8009251
Type: Farm
Date: 1753
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: NRHP-listed
Description:
Situated on two parcels comprising approximately 70 acres, the High Banks farm located at 423 High Banks
Road incorporates the ca. 1753 Georgian style Helm-Clevenger House (034-0109), the ruins of a bank barn
and icehouse, and two nonhistoric outbuildings. Located on a hill overlooking Opequon Creek, the original
house was built by Thomas and Margaret Helm, second generation settlers of Frederick County. The
original farm incorporated a sawmil on the south side of the creek as well as a still house. Upon his death
in 1778, his youngest son, Thomas, Jr., received the house, sawmill, and still house as well as 589 acres.
In 1800, he sold his plantation, but, when the new owner defaulted, the plantation was sold at auction. After
passing through several ownerships and subsequent sales due to default, John Clevenger purchased the
house in 1819, but then defaulted on the mortgage in 1831, and the ownership transferred to Walter and
Abigail Tanqueray. Thomas Clevenger, John Clevenger’s son, purchased the house in 1849 and his family
maintained ownership for the following 95 years. Clevenger’s house, the sawmill, and the ford of the creek
were shown on a map of the Third Battle of Winchester (Figure 134; Gillespie 1873). The Frederick County
Atlas published by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 noted the residence of B.F. Clevenger at the crossing of
Opequon Creek (Lathrop and Dayton 1885). An inventory performed in 1916 following the death of owner
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Benjamin Franklin Clevenger revealed that the farm included a barn, a smokehouse, a corn crib, and
granary, all typical outbuildings for the period (Massey and Maxwell 2010).
Figure 134 Portion of map of the Third Battle of Winchester depicting troop movements and
infrastructure at the point of the battle on September 19, 1864. Clevenger’s house,
sawmill and the ford of Opequon Creek were noted on the map (Gillespie 1873).
The original construction is a two-story, double-pile stone house with an elevated basement and a center
hall plan which measures three bays wide by two bays deep (Figure 135). Constructed of limestone, the
central core of the house has a rough-dressed ashlar finish on the façade and dressed rubble on the side
and rear elevations. The west wall has a large relieving arch in the stonework. After a partial structure failure
ca. 1850, the central portion of the second floor south wall was rebuilt and a new, shallowly pitched gable
roof replaced the original steeply pitched gable of the original structure. Two interior brick chimneys anchor
both the east and west walls. Around 1858, a Greek Revival style front entry porch with paired Doric
columns was added and the interior design was modernized to reflect the current trends. Windows are
largely 6-over-6 wood double-hung sash flanked by louvered shutters. The primary entrance set within the
Greek Revival style front porch is a six-panel door set under a 3-light transom flanked by 5-light sidelights.
A basement entrance with a vertical board door set under a segmental stone arch is situated to the east of
the front door on the façade. An addition on the east, built in 2000, is a one-story wood frame structure with
a wrap-around porch that replaces an earlier wing which was destroyed by fire in 1929. The east wall of the
main house was partially rebuilt with brick after this fire. The rear wing, added in 1978, is a two-story wood
frame addition with a one-story porch extending across its west elevation and a brick chimney on the north
wall. Both the 1978 and 2000 additions were designed and built by the owner at the time, architect James
D. Stillwell (Massey and Maxwell 2010).
Few remnants of the original outbuildings remain on the property. A ca. 1980 equipment shed (Figure 136)
and garden shed located northeast of the house are of more recent construction and are considered
noncontributing. The equipment shed has exterior paneling, three open bays and a side-gable roof surfaced
with standing seam metal; aerials indicate that it may have been built on the foundation of an earlier
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outbuilding (NETR 1964). The garden shed, situated directly southeast of the equipment shed, has a side-
gable roof surfaced with standing seem metal and an inset two-bay entry porch. When designated, two
contributing sites on the property included a stone foundation and partial wall of a post-Civil War bank barn
which was converted to a stable and an eighteenth century stone icehouse pit. Aerials indicate that the
ruins of the bank barn were removed ca. 2014 and a new barn (Figure 137) was built to the west of the
original structure. The new barn features wood frame construction surfaced with board and batten siding,
four-light casement windows in the gable ends, and a gable roof surfaced with standing seam metal
cladding which extends into a lean-to with a shed roof on the south elevation. Four stable doors open off of
the lean-to on the south elevation and sliding wood barn doors provide access to a central aisle at the east
and west ends of the building. The ruins of the icehouse were not visible from the right-of-way (Massey and
Maxwell 2010).
This property is significant under NRHP Criteria A and C in the areas of Architecture and
Exploration/Settlement. It represents the growth and development of a farming community along one of the
major waterways on Virginia’s western frontier during the eighteenth century. As a largely intact example
of Georgian construction, it is a significant example of a distinctive type which characterized building in the
Shenandoah Valley blending English and German construction techniques and designs. The limited
historical information available does not indicate any significance associated with people so it does not
appear NRHP eligible under Criteria B. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. The period of
significance extends from its construction, ca. 1753, to the end of the Clevenger family’s ownership in 1944.
This property was listed in the NRHP in 2011 and as a Virginia Historic Landmark in 2010 (Massey and
Maxwell 2010).
Figure 135 Dwelling at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking east
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Figure 136 Equipment Shed at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking northeast
Figure 137 Barn at 423 High Banks Road, west elevation, looking northeast with Equipment
Shed in background
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7.3.57 Backbone Farm
Address: 352 Monastery Ridge Road
VCRIS: 034-1114
Tax Parcel: 8028212
Type: Farm
Date: 1864
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Unknown
Description:
The residence located at 352 Monastery Ridge Road (034-1114) is situated on an eight-acre parcel on the
south side of Monastery Ridge Road. Lick Run extends through the southern portion of the property which
borders on the geological ridge known as Devil’s Backbone to the south. The structures on this property
were not visible from the public right-of-way (Figure 138 and Figure 139). As a result, all of the building
specific information and images in this description are from the prior survey and current aerials; its current
condition and integrity remain unknown.
The prior survey indicated that an older house, built ca. 1796, once occupied this site, but architectural
evidence suggests that the current building dates from the mid- to late-nineteenth century. According to the
prior survey, the property was owned by George Price in 1796, who conveyed it to Thomas Helm and then
to Henry and Hanna Seevers in the same year. The couple then transferred the property to Henry Seevers,
Jr. in 1835, and his heirs sold it to Noah W. Solenberger in 1868. Although the house was shown on a map
of the Third Battle of Winchester as the home of J. Schwartz (Gillespie 1873), that name did not appear in
the chain of title according to the prior survey. In 1878, Noah Solenberger sold the property to James and
Sallie Riely, who sold it to Charles E. Clevenger for $2,500 in 1879. The Frederick County Atlas published
by D.J. Lake & Co. in 1885 noted the residence at the site belonging to C. E. Clevenger; the property was
accessed by a trail leading south from Old Charles Town Road. Charles E. Clevenger was also noted on
the map as the owner of a residence along Old Charles Town Road situated immediately west of Opequon
Creek. Charles Clevenger was the older brother of Benjamin Franklin Clevenger, who owned High Banks
(034-0109) to the south. Charles inherited the family residence on Old Charles Town Road, now known as
the Ridgeway-Clevenger House, after the death of his father, David, in 1870; it was part of the inheritance
his grandmother, Beulah Clevenger, received from her father Richard Ridgeway in 1812. The house on
Monastery Ridge Road stayed in the Clevenger family until 1942 and has changed hands several times
since then (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1114; Lathrop and Dayton 1885; Quarles 1999:211-12).
The prior survey conducted in 1992 indicated that this was a two-story, asymmetrical wood frame building
exhibiting a vernacular design (Figure 140). The original building, set on a continuous stone foundation,
was two bays wide by two bays deep with a front-facing gable roof surfaced with standing seam metal and
pierced by an interior brick chimney on the east slope. A two-story, gable roofed wing addition extended
from the southeast elevation and featured a one-story modern, rear addition with a shed roof. The one-
story addition had a large exterior brick chimney attached on the south elevation. An extensive rear wood
deck, partially covered with a shed roof, stretched around the south elevation. A one-story, four-bay porch
with turned posts reached across most of the façade. Clad with weatherboard, the building had 1-over-1
wood double-hung sash windows. Outbuildings included a ca. 1986 gaarage with a gable roof.
Although the limited information available concerning this property does not indicate any significant
historical associations in terms of events or persons indicating that this residence may not be eligible under
Criteria A or B, additional research may be warranted. The age and design of the building may also indicate
some significance in terms of architecture or construction methods. However, the inability to visually inspect
this resource as part of this survey leaves the current condition and integrity of this property in question. As
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a result, this house has an unknown eligibility status for listing in the NRHP at this time. Buildings are
typically not eligible under Criterion D.
Figure 138 View from right-of-way down driveway toward 352 Monastery Ridge Road, looking
southeast
Figure 139 Dwelling at 352 Monastery Ridge Road, close-up of west elevation from right-of-
way, looking southeast
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Figure 140 Backbone Farm, 1992 survey photos (VDHR, VCRIS 034-1114)
7.3.58 180 Pine Road
Address: 180 Pine Road
VCRIS: 034-5399
Tax Parcel: 8015841
Type: Single Dwelling
Date: 1956
NRHP Eligibility Recommendation: Unknown, Noncontributing
Description:
The residence at 180 Pine Road (034-5399) is located on a parcel of over seven acres on the southeast
corner of Pine Road and Woods Mill Road. The structures on this property were not visible from the public
right-of-way (Figure 141). As a result, all of the building specific information in this description is from current
aerials and the Frederick County Commissioner of Revenue’s website; its current condition and integrity
remain unknown. The one-story, irregularly-shaped residence is clad with vinyl siding and rests on a
concrete block foundation. Built in 1956, the house has a gable roof surfaced with composition shingles
and a chimney. Additional features on the parcel include a two-car detached garage, a shed, a lean-to, and
an in-ground pool installed in 2005.
The limited historical information available does not indicate that this property is eligible in terms of
significant events or persons; therefore, it does not appear NRHP eligible under NRHP Criteria A or B.
Additionally, the architecture and method of construction appears to be commonly found throughout the
state. However, the inability to visually inspect this resource as part of this survey leaves the current
condition and integrity of this property in question. As a result, this house has an unknown eligibility status
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for listing in the NRHP at this time. Buildings are typically not eligible under Criterion D. Although no
buildings are located within the boundaries of the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023),
part of the parcel is included in the district. However, as the property was constructed outside of the period
of significance for the district, it would not be considered a contributing resource.
Figure 141 View from right-of-way down driveway toward 180 Pine Road, looking south
7.4 Project Effects
As discussed in Section 2.2, the APE encompasses a rural agricultural landscape. The overall visual
impression of the APE is of a rolling landscape with expanses of trees interspersed with individual
residences and a few farms. The topography and vegetation associated with the Devil’s Backbone, Lick
Run, and Redbud Run play a significant role in reducing visibility of the potential solar array within the
viewshed. A viewshed analysis was performed based on existing LiDAR data and considering bare ground
topography and a presumed solar panel height of 2.5 m (8.2 ft.) (Figure 142). The viewshed analysis
indicates the solar panels, based on topography alone, will have limited visibility to the north and south with
higher visibility to the east and west at the ½-mile range. The adjacent and surrounding fields and forested
areas would continue to be maintained in their present state, which would further obstruct views of the
proposed solar farm.
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Figure 142 Viewshed analysis
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In addition to the one NRHP-listed property and four resources already determined eligible, Cardno
identified an additional four resources that are recommended as potentially eligible for the NRHP during
this survey. These include High Banks (034-0109), the Second Winchester Battlefield (034-5023), the
Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456), the Milburn Rural Historic District (034-
5035), Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110), Duvall House (034-0723), Brumley House/Smith Farm
(034-0704), Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157), and Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery
(034-1147). The two buildings that could contribute to the districts, Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110)
and the Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157), are already included as potentially individually eligible.
Three additional properties, J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064), Backbone Farm
(034-1114), and 180 Pine Road (034-5399) were found to have an unknown eligibility as the structures on
the parcels were not visible from the public right-of-way; therefore, these three properties were addressed
as if they were eligible in this discussion of effects. One additional historic cemetery, Redbud Cemetery
(034-1119) on Pine Road, was identified as being ineligible for the NRHP as an historic resource, but is
protected under Virgina state law (Virginia Code 18.2-127). This cemetery as well as Red Bud United
Bretheren Church Cemetery lie outside of the proposed disturbance zone of the project so they were not
addressed as archaeological sites for this project. Only a limited amount of the Second Winchester
Battlefield (034-5023) extends into the construction footprint of the project, and it does not contain any
contributing resources within the proposed disturbance zone (Figure 142).
The parcel on which High Banks (034-0109) is located at 423 High Banks Road is approximately 1,920 ft.
from the construction footprint, but the buildings are around 3,380 ft. from the planned project. Topography
and currently existing tree canopy outside of the disturbance zone will block views to and from the resources
and the solar panels (Figure 143). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
Figure 143 View from the High Banks (034-0109) parcel located at 423 High Banks Road
toward the project area
As previously mentioned, the portion of the Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023)
boundaries flanking Woods Mill Road extends into the western edge of the construction footprint of the
project. However, the overall visual integrity of the battlefield district has already been impacted by the
construction of numerous modern residences, utilities, and roadway paving and widening (Figure 144).
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However, the solar array will be visible along sections of the roadway not lined by trees on the east side
(Figure 145 and Figure 146), but no contributing structures for the district will be within the construction
footprint. The two resources within the APE that contribute to the district, Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-
0110) and the Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157), will be about 1,395 ft. and 780 ft. from the
construction footprint, respectively. Topography and currently existing tree canopy outside of the
disturbance zone will block views to and from the contributing resources and the solar panels (Figure 147
and Figure 148). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
Figure 144 View toward the project area from in front of 880 Woods Mill Road within the Second
Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023)
Figure 145 View toward the project area from in front of 417 Woods Mill Road within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023)
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Figure 146 View toward the project area from in front of 748 Woods Mill Road within the
Second Winchester Battlefield Historic District (034-5023)
Figure 147 View from the Jordan White Sulfur Springs (030-0110) parcel located at 1160
Jordan Springs Road toward the project area
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Figure 148 View from Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157) parcel located at 145 Woods Mill
Road toward the project area
Although the district boundary for Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester (034-0456) will be
approximately 472 ft. from the parcel on which the solar panels will be installed, the only contributing
resource in the district, Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157), will be about 780 ft. from the construction
footprint. Additionally, topography and the existing tree canopy will block views to and from the resource
and the solar panels (Figure 148). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
Located at the north end of the APE, the Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035) will be approximately
2,025 ft. from the parcel on which the solar panels will be installed and approximately 1,200 ft. from the
nearest access road. However, the only contributing resource within the APE is Jordan White Sulfur Springs
(030-0110) parcel which will be 1,395 ft. from the construction footprint with the buildings approximately
1,710 ft. from the construction footprint. Additionally, topography and dense tree canopy between the
Jordan White Sulfur Springs and the construction parcel will block all views of the solar panels (Figure 147).
No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
Located at 1681 Jordan Springs Road, the Duvall House (034-0723) will be approximately 1,925 ft. from
the parcel on which the solar panels will be installed and approximately 2,010 ft. from the construction
footprint. The dense tree canopy between the residence and the proposed solar panels will block all views
of its construction (Figure 149). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
The parcel on which the Brumley House/Smith Farm (034-0704) is located at 223 Burnt Factory Road will
be approximately 730 ft. from the parcel on which the project will be built. However, the Brumley
House/Smith Farm is situated on a 45-acre parcel. The house and outbuildings will be approximately 1,990
ft. from the construction footprint for the project. Additionally, the dense tree canopy will block all views of
the proposed construction (Figure 150). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and
topography.
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Figure 149 View from the Duvall House (034-0723) parcel located at 1681 Jordan Springs Road
toward the project area
Figure 150 View from the Brumley House/Smith Farm (034-0704) parcel located at 223 Burnt
Factory Road toward the project area
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Located at 1551 Redbud Road, Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147) will be
approximately 1,185 ft. from the construction parcel and about 1,405 ft. from the construction footprint.
Topography and the existing tree canopy, as well as adjacent new construction, will block the views of the
proposed solar array (Figure 151). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation, new construction,
and topography.
The parcel on which J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064) is situated at 302 High
Banks Road is approximately 1,825 ft. from the proposed construction with the actual buildings about 2,260
ft. from the project. Several residences and extensive tree canopy block view potential solar array from the
possibly significant property (Figure 152). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and
topography.
Backbone Farm (034-1114) at 352 Monastery Ridge Road is approximately 2,280 ft. from the proposed
access road and around 2,575 ft. from the construction footprint of the nearest solar array. With numerous
houses and dense vegetation, the solar array will not be visible from the potentially significant property
(Figure 153). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing vegetation and topography.
The parcel on which the residence at 180 Pine Road (034-5399) is located approximately 255 ft. from the
construction footprint of the solar array. The buildings, however, are set back within dense tree canopy on
the parcel and are situated about 770 ft. from the construction footprint. With the dense vegetation, the
solar array will not be visible from the property (Figure 154). No mitigation is anticipated due to existing
vegetation and topography.
Figure 151 View from the Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147) parcel
located at 1551 Redbud Road toward the project area
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Figure 152 View from the J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills (034-1064) parcel at
302 High Banks Road toward the project area
Figure 153 View from the Backbone Farm (034-1114) at 352 Monastery Ridge Road parcel
toward the project area
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Figure 154 View from the 180 Pine Road (034-5399) parcel toward the project area
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8 Summary and Conclusions
In May and September 2021, Cardno conducted a Phase I cultural resources identification survey for the
proposed Redbud Run Solar Project in Frederick County, Virginia by Oriden. Oriden is proposing a ~30
MW AC solar project to interconnect to the adjacent Rappahannock Electric Co-op 34.5 kV electric line.
The Redbud Run Project is located approximately 2.4 miles east of Winchester, Virginia in northeastern
Frederick County. As proposed, the project will consist of approximately 154.3 acres of solar arrays
contained within fencing, located on the south side of Woods Mill Road. The disturbance zone for the project
consists of various elements including the fenced solar array boundaries, access roads, three staging
areas, connection lines, the point of interconnection (POI), and three strips of plantings to create vegetative
screening.
The Phase I cultural resource survey was completed to fulfill compliance with the Virginia Department of
Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) Small Renewable Energy Projects (Solar) Permit by Rule (PBR) regulation
(Virginia Code 9VAC15-60). The fieldwork and the resulting report conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (FR48: 190:44716-44742 – U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1983) and the current guidelines set forth by the Virginia Department of Historic
Resources (VDHR 2017). The purpose of Phase I archaeological and architectural surveys was to locate
and document the presence of all archaeological and historic architectural resources within the project
disturbance zone, and provide a recommendation for eligibility for inclusion in the Virginia Landmarks
Register (VLR) and/or the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for each resource. Additionally,
architectural resources within one-half mile of the project disturbance zone were recorded and considered
for potential visual effects during the survey.
During the Phase I identification survey, three previously recorded sites were revisited and no new
archaeological resources were identified. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding 44FK0383, a 19th
century historic farmstead, yielded no cultural material, and no aboveground features were identified. The
site boundaries were not updated and the site remains not eligible for the NRHP. Previously recorded site
44FK0385, a 19th to 20th century farmstead, yielded one additional artifact during this survey, and as a result
the original site boundaries were updated. However, the site is recommended not eligible for the NRHP and
no further work is warranted. Shovel tests conducted within and surrounding the boundaries of 44FK0423,
a mid-19th century historic site, yielded no cultural material. Additionally, no aboveground features were
observed. As a result, the original site boundaries were not updated and the site remains not evaluated for
the NRHP. Metal detecting conducted along the western edge of the survey areas also did not yield any
archaeological material that could be related to a Civil War-related resource (034-5023) that is recorded in
VCRIS as running along Woods Mill Road adjacent to the project area.
During the course of the investigation, Cardno documented 62 properties including three districts in the
APE that were more than 50 years old and evaluated these properties to determine potential NRHP
eligibility. As a result of this survey, nine resources were identified as significant properties, meaning that
they were either NRHP-listed, previously determined NRHP eligible, or this survey found them potentially
NRHP eligible. These include: High Banks (034-0109), Opequon Battlefield of the Third Battle of Winchester
(034-0456), Second Winchester Battlefield (034-5023), Milburn Rural Historic District (034-5035), Jordan
White Sulfur Springs (030-0110), Duvall House (034-0723), Brumley House/Smith Farm (034-0704),
Redbud Farm/Wood House (034-1157), and Red Bud United Bretheren Church and Cemetery (034-1147).
Three additional properties, J. Clark House and Mill/Jackson Mill/Silent Mills at 302 High Banks Road (034-
1064), Backbone Farm at 352 Monastery Ridge Road (034-1114), 180 Pine Road (034-5399) were found
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to have an unknown eligibility as the structures on the parcel were not visible from the right-of-way;
therefore, they were treated as potentially eligible. Viewshed analysis revealed that the existing topography
as well as existing tree canopy and vegetation outside of the construction footprint would shield the eligible
properties from adverse visual effects. Provided the existing vegetation outside of the construction footprint
is maintained, this project would have no adverse effect on NRHP eligible properties and no mitigation is
anticipated.
Based on the results of this investigation, it is believed that the development of the current project area will
not affect sites or properties that have historical, cultural, or sacred significance, or that otherwise meet the
minimum criteria for listing in the NRHP. No further archaeological or historic research is recommended for
the project area.
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APPENDIX A
RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL
230
231
JAMES AMBROSINO, PHD, RPA Page 1 of 2 www.cardno.com
James Ambrosino, PhD, RPA
Current Position
Senior Project
Archaeologist
Discipline Areas
> Cultural Resource
Management
> Section 106 NHPA
> Prehistoric and
Historic Archaeology
> Preparation of
Research Designs
> ICRMP Preparation
> GIS Mapping and
Analysis
> Statistical Analysis
> Total Station
Mapping
> Southeast U.S.,
Mesoamerica, and
Caribbean
Years' Experience
30
Joined Cardno
2012
Education
> PhD, Anthropology,
Southern Methodist
University, 2007
> MA, Anthropology,
University of Iowa,
1990
> BS, Statistics,
University of
Delaware, 1988
Certifications
> Florida Department
of Transportation
PD&E Training, 2008
> National Guard
Bureau ICRMP
Training, 2007
> Section 106 Review,
ACHP and University
of Nevada, Reno,
2003
Summary of Experience
Dr. Ambrosino is a Registered Professional Archaeologist with more than 30 years of
experience in conducting archaeological surveys throughout the United States (Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia), Mexico, and the
Caribbean. Dr. Ambrosino serves as project archaeologist and principal investigator for
projects in Florida and throughout the southeastern United States. His duties include
archaeological work, preparation of reports, preparation of bids, and geographic
information system (GIS) and statistical analysis of archaeological data.
Dr. Ambrosino has extensive experience on a variety of archaeological projects, including
cultural resource inventories, reconnaissance surveys, large- and small-scale cultural
resource assessment surveys, site testing, and archaeological mitigation. He has been
principal investigator on over 250 cultural resource projects for pipeline, military,
development, transportation, and telecommunications clients. He also has updated and
developed cultural resource management plans for various agencies.
Dr. Ambrosino has conducted and overseen all aspects of cultural resource projects
including linear projects in excess of 300 miles and areas up to 20,000 acres in size. He
also has extensive experience in GIS analysis and statistical analysis of archaeological
data, as well as site mapping using electronic total stations, ceramic analysis, and
macroscopic lithic analysis. Dr. Ambrosino has developed and taught training seminars
concerning cultural resource regulations and practices designed for engineering,
environmental, and housing professionals. Additionally, he has provided training for
archaeological technicians in field methodology, on various computer packages including
GIS, and in the use of surveying equipment.
Significant Projects
Principal Investigator – SNG Dalton Expansion Project – Alabama and Georgia
Dr. Ambrosino served as Principal Investigator for cultural resources for a 0.81-mile
natural gas pipeline replacement project in Cleburne County, Alabama including meter
station modifications in Whitfield County, Georgia. His responsibilities included oversight
of archaeological and historical fieldwork, SHPO and Tribal coordination, GIS data
maintenance, and data analysis. He also authored FERC Abbreviated Resource Report 4
and the cultural resource reports for the project.
Principal Investigator – Gulfstream Natural Gas System Phase VI Expansion Project –
Alabama and Florida
Dr. Ambrosino served as Principal Investigator for cultural resources for a 4-mile natural
gas pipeline expansion project in Mobile County, Alabama including facility modifications
in Mobile County, Alabama and Manatee County, Florida. a. His responsibilities included
oversight of archaeological and historical fieldwork, SHPO and Tribal coordination, GIS
data maintenance, and data analysis. He also authored FERC Resource Report 4 and the
cultural resource reports for the project.
Principal Investigator – Southeastern Trail Project – Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia,
and Louisiana
Dr. Ambrosino served as Principal Investigator for cultural resources for a 7.5-mile natural
gas pipeline in Virginia and facility modifications undertaken by Williams Gas Pipeline in
Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana. His responsibilities included oversight of
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JAMES AMBROSINO, PHD, RPA Page 2 of 2
> First Aid/CPR/AED,
2018
Affiliations
> Register of
Professional
Archaeologists
> Society for American
Archaeology
> Florida
Archaeological
Council (Treasurer)
> Florida
Anthropological
Society
> Lambda Alpha,
National
Anthropology Honors
Society
archaeological and historical fieldwork, SHPO and Tribal coordination, GIS data
maintenance, data analysis, report review, and document preparation.
Principal Investigator – Evangeline Pass Expansion Project – Louisiana
Dr. Ambrosino served as Principal Investigator for cultural resources for a natural gas
pipeline project undertaken by Tennessee Gas Pipe Line Company in St. Bernard and
Plaquemines Parishes, Louisiana. The project included two separate pipeline loops
measuring approximately 9 and 3.5 miles each,as well as a new compressor station.
Archaeological methodology included survey via conventional terrestrial means and
airboat. Dr. Ambrosino oversaw the fieldwork, authored the report of investigations and
FERC Resource Report 4, and undertook Tribal consultation.
Principal Investigator – Sabal Trail Transmission Project – Florida
Dr. Ambrosino served as Principal Investigator and Cultural Resources Field Survey
Coordinator for a natural gas pipeline project undertaken by Spectra Energy in Florida. He
oversaw all field efforts related to cultural resources for this project, which included over
300 miles of combined mainline and reroutes as well as access roads and ancillary
facilities. His responsibilities also included oversight of data analysis, report review, and
document preparation.
Project Archaeologist and GIS Specialist – Transco Dalton Expansion Project – Georgia
The Dalton Expansion Project was a natural gas pipeline project undertaken by Williams
Gas Pipeline. It included over 125 miles of greenfield corridor testing and survey of
ancillary facilities west of Atlanta, Georgia. Dr. Ambrosino contributed to cultural resource
reports and was responsible for maintenance of archaeological and historical GIS data
generated from the project and production of completed mapbooks for submission to
state and federal agencies.
Project Manager – Florida Public Utilities (FPU) Escambia County Pipeline – Escambia
County, Florida
Dr. Ambrosino served as Project Manager and Principal Investigator for a cultural
resource assessment survey of an approximately 40-mile natural gas pipeline proposed
entirely within Escambia County from northern Pensacola to the Alabama state line. The
survey involved archaeological testing according to a probability model developed for the
route as well as assessment of potential visual effects to historic structures within 300 feet
of the project centerline. The survey was done to meet state permitting requirements. Dr.
Ambrosino developed the research design, consulted with the State Historic Preservation
Office, oversaw all fieldwork, and authored the report of the investigation.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Phase II Archaeological
Testing of Three Sites, Southeast Supply Header Pipeline Replacement – Claiborne
County, Mississippi
This project, performed for Spectra Energy, involved Phase I survey of three different
alternatives for replacing a section of natural gas pipeline threatened by active erosion of
an adjacent river bank. It also included Phase II archaeological testing of three prehistoric
sites. Dr. Ambrosino worked closely with Spectra personnel to complete the job quickly
and efficiently, including responding to reroute requests and providing feedback to allow
project engineers to design temporary workspace areas.
Resource Area Lead – Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Third-Party
Environmental Assessment (EA), Virginia Southside Expansion Project – Virginia
Dr. Ambrosino served as the Resource Area Lead for cultural resources as part of a third-
party EA for a natural gas pipeline project in Virginia. His responsibilities included data
analysis, report review, and document preparation.
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KIMBERLY HINDER, MHP Page 1 of 2 www.cardno.com
Kimberly Hinder, MHP
Current Position
Senior Architectural
Historian
Discipline Areas
> Section 106
> HABS/HAER
> National Register of
Historic Places
nominations
> Tax Exemption and
Design Review
> Historic Resource
Survey and Planning
> Heritage Education
and Grants
Years' Experience
24
Joined Cardno
2016
Education
> Master of Historic
Preservation,
University of
Georgia, 1996
> Bachelor of Arts,
History, Agnes Scott
College, 1992
Affiliations
> National Trust for
Historic Preservation
> Florida Trust for
Historic Preservation
> Society for
Commercial
Archaeology
Summary of Experience
With extensive experience in Cultural Resource Management and Historic Preservation
Planning, Kimberly Hinder meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for History and
Architectural History. She has over fourteen years of experience in cultural resource
management conducting historic and architectural surveys, assessing effects, and
preparing mitigation in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act. She also served for over ten years as the Senior Historic Preservation Planner with
the City of St. Petersburg, Florida. As such, she wrote and implemented local
regulations, reviewed architectural and development plans, prepared designations, and
managed the City’s tax exemption program. In addition to these experiences, Ms. Hinder
has prepared heritage education projects, professional publications, historic structure
reports, and documentation in accordance with Historic American Building Survey/Historic
American Engineering Record guidelines. Clients have included federal, state, and local
governmental agencies as well as private companies and individual land owners.
Transportation Related Experience
Ms. Hinder has extensive experience working on transportation related projects with
different Federal Agencies and the State Departments of Transportation in Florida, North
Carolina, and Georgia. She also has taken additional training on assessing indirect and
cumulative impacts of transportation projects; preservation planning and policy
development for historic roads; and advanced Section 106 NHPA training hosted by the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Special areas of interest include roadside
architecture and mid-century modern resources.
Significant Projects
Streetcar Extension and Modernization Feasibility Study, City of Tampa – Florida
Historic structure survey with evaluation of significance and effects; preparation of
desktop archaeological/historical analysis for proposed extension of Tampa Historic
Streetcar in support of Federal Transit Administration’s environmental review. 2019 –
Present.
Senior Architectural Historian – Virginia Southeastern Trail Project Cultural Resource
Survey, Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Company – Fauquier, Prince William, and
Pittsylvania Counties, Virginia
Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Company, LLC, a subsidiary of Williams Gas Pipeline,
proposed to construct an approximately seven-mile natural gas pipeline in northern
Virginia. Ms. Hinder served as the lead architectural historian for the project, completing
field survey, historic background research, and authoring historic context, resource
descriptions, and the assessment of effects for technical reports prepared in compliance
with Section 106 and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulations. 2018 - 2019.
Senior Architectural Historian – Widen US 158 from SR 1630 to SR 1103, North Carolina
Department of Transportation –Davie and Forsyth Counties, North Carolina
The North Carolina Department of Transportation requested the preparation of a historic
structures survey report for a project to widen US 158 from SR 1630 (Baltimore Road) to
SR 1103 (Lewisville-Clemmons Road) in Davie and Forsyth Counties. Analysis involved
the evaluation of National Register of Historic Places eligibility for seven resources
including a farm, a historic public park, and a historic district. Ms. Hinder performed
extensive research, which included a review of deeds and public records, on the
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KIMBERLY HINDER, MHP Page 2 of 2
community of Clemmons. In addition, she authored sections of the report and served as
chief editor. The draft report was completed and submitted, but the production of the final
report is on hold at the request of NCDOT. 2019-2020.
Senior Architectural Historian – US 70 from Thurman Road to Havelock Bypass, North
Carolina Department of Transportation – Craven County, North Carolina
The North Carolina Department of Transportation proposed to upgrade US 70 to a
freeway with service roads and for planning purposes requested the preparation of a
historic resources inventory for the project. Field work resulted in the identification of 123
historic resources within the area of potential effects with only three proposed for further
evaluation for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Ms. Hinder served as
lead architectural historian for the project conducting and managing the field work and
preparing the required PowerPoint presentation for the project. 2019 - 2020.
Senior Architectural Historian – US 401/NC 39 Improvements from Burke Boulevard to
Main Street, Louisburg, North Carolina Department of Transportation – Franklin County,
North Carolina
The North Carolina Department of Transportation requested the preparation of a historic
resources inventory for a project to change an existing five-lane facility to a four-lane
divided highway with bicycle and pedestrian accommodations in Louisburg, North
Carolina. Field work involved the identification of 103 historic resources within the area of
potential effects and the preliminary evaluation of National Register of Historic Places
eligibility for 39 properties. Ms. Hinder assisted with the evaluation and preparation of the
required PowerPoint presentation for the project. 2019.
Senior Architectural Historian – Widen Poplar Tent Road from Derita Road to NC 73,
North Carolina Department of Transportation – Cabarrus and Mecklenburg Counties,
North Carolina
The North Carolina Department of Transportation proposes to widen Poplar Tent Road
and requested the preparation of a historic resources inventory for the project. Field
survey resulted in the identification of 26 historic resources within the area of potential
effects with two proposed for further evaluation for listing in the National Register of
Historic Places. Ms. Hinder served as lead architectural historian for the project
conducting and managing the field work and property research. Preparation of the
required final PowerPoint presentation for the project is on hold at the request of NCDOT.
2019 - 2020.
Senior Architectural Historian – Replace Bridge No. 224 on SR 1510 (Watson Seed Farm
Road) Over I-95, North Carolina Department of Transportation – Nash County, North
Carolina
The North Carolina Department of Transportation requested the preparation of a historic
structures survey report for a project to replace Bridge No. 224 on SR 1510 (Watson
Seed Farm Road) over I-95 in Nash County. Analysis involved the evaluation of National
Register of Historic Places eligibility for four properties including a country store, a tenant
house, and two cemeteries. Ms. Hinder served as the lead architectural historian for the
project, conducting field survey and historic archival background research. The historic
context and resource descriptions she prepared as well as the identified comparable
resources were used in determining their eligibility. 2018.
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VALERIE R. NOBLES, RPA Page 1 of 2 www.cardno.com
Valerie R. Nobles, RPA
Current Position
Staff Archaeologist
Discipline Areas
> Cultural Resource
Management
> Project Management
> Section 106 NHPA
> Historical
Archaeology
> Historic Preservation
> GIS
> Database
Management
> Laboratory
Management
Years' Experience
9
Joined Cardno
2014
Education
> MA, Anthropology,
Concentration in
Historical
Archaeology, East
Carolina University,
2014
> BA, Anthropology,
Minor in History,
North Carolina State
University, 2008
Affiliations
> Register for
Professional
Archaeologists
> Society for Historical
Archaeology
> North Carolina
Archaeological
Society
Summary of Experience
Ms. Valerie R. Nobles, a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA), is a graduate from
East Carolina University’s Master of Arts program in Anthropology. She has experience
on prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, including Phase I pedestrian surveys,
Phase II site testing, Phase III data recovery excavations, and geophysical surveys. She
is experienced in cultural resource assessments and desktop surveys, archaeological
surveys, data management, and laboratory management. Additionally, Ms. Nobles is
experienced in geographic information systems (GIS) mapping and spatial analysis,
particularly with ESRI ArcMap/ArcGIS software. She is responsible for the supervision of
field personnel, field data collection, artifact analysis and categorization in addition to
background research, completion of state site forms, and the production of technical
reports. She currently serves as Staff Archaeologist and Laboratory Supervisor for
Cardno’s Wake Forest, North Carolina office, which provides archaeological consulting to
clients in the Carolinas and Mid-Atlantic states.
Significant Projects
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Proposed Solar Farm –
Edgecombe County, North Carolina.
Served as principal investigator for a Phase I archaeological survey of 455-acres
determined to be high probability in eastern North Carolina. Responsible for all
background research, fieldwork supervision, data processing, artifact analysis, GIS data
and map production, and authored final report. 2019-present.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 506-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2019-present.
Archaeology Field Lead – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Fauquier County, Virginia
Phase I archaeological survey for multiple contractor yards related to proposed pipeline
project. Responsible for supervision of field technicians, data collection, and metal
detection near known battlefields. 2019.
Staff Archaeologist – Water Street Tampa Development Project, Historic Fort Brooke
Cemetery – Florida
Assisted in excavation of numerous burials and recovery of human remains at the historic
Fort Brooke Cemetery. Supervised recovery of fragmentary remains in large soil
disturbance. 2019.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for Phase I archaeological surveys of two readiness
center properties in south-western Virginia. Responsible for all background research,
fieldwork supervision, data processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production,
and authored final report. 2019.
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VALERIE R. NOBLES, RPA Page 2 of 2
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 323-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2018 – 2019.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 468-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2018 – 2019.
Staff Archaeologist – Phase I Archaeological Survey, New Charlotte Annex and Jonas
Modernization Project, Charlotte – North Carolina
Served as archaeologist for a small Phase I survey in downtown Charlotte. Archaeology
and GPR survey completed to assist in compliance with Section 106 of NHPA. 2018.
Staff Archaeologist – Cemetery Resource Survey, Virginia Department of Military Affairs
– Virginia
Served as archaeologist surveying 14 historic cemetery sites in south-central Virginia.
Responsible for fieldwork, monitoring photography, background research, data
processing, GIS data and map production, and authored final report. 2018 – Present.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 641-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2017 – 2018.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 272-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2017 – 2018.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 280-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2017 – 2018.
Principal Investigator – Phase I Archaeological Survey, Virginia Department of Military
Affairs – Virginia
Served as principal investigator for a 101-acre Phase I archaeological survey in south-
central Virginia. Responsible for all background research, fieldwork supervision, data
processing, artifact analysis, GIS data and map production, and authored final report.
2017.
237